Boron-containing small molecules

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to, among other items, benzoxaborole compounds and their use for treating bacterial infections.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Pat. App. No.61/380,596, filed Sep. 7, 2010, which is incorporated by reference inits entirety for all purposes.

REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY

The sequence listing contained in the file named“064507-5066-US_ST25.txt”, created on Jan. 19, 2012 and having a size of427 bytes, has been submitted electronically herewith via EFS-Web, andthe contents of the txt file are hereby incorporated by reference intheir entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The global rise of bacteria and other microorganisms resistant toantibiotics and antimicrobials in general, poses a major threat.Deployment of massive quantities of antimicrobial agents into theecosphere during the past 60 years has introduced a powerful selectivepressure for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistantpathogens. Thus, there is a need to discover new broad spectrumantimicrobials, such as antibiotics, useful in combating microorganisms,especially those with multidrug-resistance.

Boron-containing molecules, such as1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydro-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborole (also sometimes known as1-hydroxy-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborole or oxaboroles or cyclic boronicesters), useful as antimicrobials have been described previously, suchas in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/142,692; 11/505,591 and11/357,687. Generally speaking, a1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydro-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborole has the following structureand substituent numbering system:

Surprisingly, it has now been discovered that certain classes of1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydro-benzo[c][1,2]oxaboroles are effectiveantibacterials. This, and other uses of these1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydro-benzo[c][1,2]oxaboroles are described herein.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect, the invention provides a compound having a structureaccording to the formula:

wherein R³ is substituted or unsubstituted nitroalkyl or substituted orunsubstituted aminoalkyl; R⁴ is selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, unsubstituted alkyl and unsubstituted phenyl; Y is O or S; R⁵is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstitutedalkyl and substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, or a salt, hydrateor solvate thereof.

In a second aspect, the invention provides a combination comprising: a)a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof and b) a therapeutically active agent.

In a third aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical formulationcomprising: a) a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof and b) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In a fourth aspect, the invention provides a method of killing orinhibiting the growth of a bacteria, said method comprising: contactingsaid bacteria with an effective amount of a compound of the invention ora combination of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, thereby killing or inhibiting the growth of the bacteria.

In a fifth aspect, the invention provides a method of treating abacterial infection comprising: administering to an animal sufferingfrom said infection an effective amount of a compound of the invention,or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, thereby treating thebacterial infection.

In a sixth aspect, the invention provides a method of inhibiting theediting domain of a t-RNA synthetase, comprising: contacting thesynthetase with an effective amount of a compound of the invention, or apharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, thereby inhibiting thesynthetase.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 displays biological data for exemplary compounds of theinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION I. Definitions and Abbreviations

As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an”, and “the” include pluralreferences unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example,reference to “an active agent” includes a single active agent as well astwo or more different active agents in combination. It is to beunderstood that present teaching is not limited to the specific dosageforms, carriers, or the like, disclosed herein and as such may vary.

The abbreviations used herein generally have their conventional meaningwithin the chemical and biological arts.

The following abbreviations have been used: Ac is acetyl; AcOH is aceticacid; ACTBr is cetyltrimethylammonium bromide; AIBN isazobisisobutyronitrile or 2,2 azobisisobutyronitrile; aq. is aqueous; Aris aryl; B₂pin₂ is bis(pinacolato)diboron; Bn is, in general, benzyl[see Cbz for one example of an exception]; (BnS)₂ is benzyl disulfide;BnSH is benzyl thiol or benzyl mercaptan; BnBr is benzyl bromide; Boc istert-butoxy carbonyl; Boc₂O is di-tert-butyl dicarbonate; Bz is, ingeneral, benzoyl; BzOOH is benzoyl peroxide; Cbz or Z isbenzyloxycarbonyl or carboxybenzyl; Cs₂CO₃ is cesium carbonate; CSA iscamphor sulfonic acid; CTAB is cetyltrimethylammonium bromide; Cy iscyclohexyl; DABCO is 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; DCM isdichloromethane or methylene chloride; DHP is dihydropyran; DIAD isdiisopropyl azodicarboxylate; DIEA or DIPEA isN,N-diisopropylethylamine; DMAP is 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine; DME is1,2-dimethoxyethane; DMF is N,N-dimethylformamide; DMSO isdimethylsulfoxide; equiv or eq. is equivalent; EtOAc is ethyl acetate;EtOH is ethanol; Et₂O is diethyl ether; EDCI isN-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride; ELS isevaporative light scattering; equiv or eq is equivalent; h is hours;HATU is O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphate; HOBt is N-hydroxybenzotriazole; HCl is hydrochloricacid; HPLC is high pressure liquid chromatography; ISCO Companion isautomated flash chromatography equipment with fraction analysis by UVabsorption available from Presearch; KOAc or AcOK is potassium acetate;K₂CO₃ is potassium carbonate; LiAlH₄ or LAH is lithium aluminum hydride;LDA is lithium diisopropylamide; LHMDS is lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide; KHMDS is potassium bis(trimethylsilyl) amide; LiOH is lithiumhydroxide; m-CPBA is 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid; MeCN or ACN is methylcyanide or cyanomethane or ethanenitrile or acetonitrile which are allnames for the same compound; MeOH is methanol; MgSO₄ is magnesiumsulfate; mins or min is minutes; Mp or MP is melting point; NaCNBH₃ issodium cyanoborohydride; NaOH is sodium hydroxide; Na₂SO₄ is sodiumsulfate; NBS is N-bromosuccinimide; NH₄Cl is ammonium chloride; NIS isN-iodosuccinimide; N₂ is nitrogen; NMM is N-methylmorpholine; n-BuLi isn-butyllithium; overnight is O/N; PdCl₂(pddf) is1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II); Pd/C is thecatalyst known as palladium on carbon; Pd₂(dba)₃ is an organometalliccatalyst known as tris(dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium(0); Ra Ni orRaney Ni is Raney nickel; Ph is phenyl; PMB is p-methoxybenzyl; PrOH is1-propanol; iPrOH is 2-propanol; POCl₃ is phosphorus chloride oxide;PTSA is para-toluene sulfonic acid; Pyr. or Pyr or Py as used hereinmeans pyridine; RT or rt or r.t. is room temperature; sat. is saturated;Si-amine or Si—NH₂ is amino-functionalized silica, available fromSiliCycle; Si-pyr is pyridyl-functionalized silica, available fromSiliCycle; TEA or Et₃N is triethylamine; TFA is trifluoroacetic acid;Tf₂O is trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride; THF is tetrahydrofuran; TFAAis trifluoroacetic anhydride; THP is tetrahydropyranyl; TMSI istrimethylsilyl iodide; H₂O is water; diNO₂PhSO₂Cl is dinitrophenylsulfonyl chloride; 3-F-4-NO₂-PhSO₂Cl is 3-fluoro-4-nitrophenylsulfonylchloride; 2-MeO-4-NO₂-PhSO₂Cl is 2-methoxy-4-nitrophenylsulfonylchloride; and (EtO)₂POCH₂COOEt is a triethylester of phosphonoaceticacid known as triethyl phosphonoacetate.

“Compound of the invention,” as used herein refers to the compoundsdiscussed herein, salts (e.g. pharmaceutically acceptable salts),prodrugs, solvates and hydrates of these compounds.

The term “poly” as used herein means at least 2. For example, apolyvalent metal ion is a metal ion having a valency of at least 2.

“Moiety” refers to a radical of a molecule that is attached to theremainder of the molecule.

The symbol

, whether utilized as a bond or displayed perpendicular to a bond,indicates the point at which the displayed moiety is attached to theremainder of the molecule.

The term “alkyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means,unless otherwise stated, a straight or branched chain, or cyclichydrocarbon radical, or combination thereof, which may be fullysaturated, mono- or polyunsaturated and can include di- and multivalentradicals, having the number of carbon atoms designated (i.e. C₁-C₁₀means one to ten carbons). In some embodiments, the term “alkyl” means astraight or branched chain, or combinations thereof, which may be fullysaturated, mono- or polyunsaturated and can include di- and multivalentradicals. Examples of saturated hydrocarbon radicals include, but arenot limited to, groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl,n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, cyclohexyl, (cyclohexyl)methyl,cyclopropylmethyl, homologs and isomers of, for example, n-pentyl,n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, and the like. An unsaturated alkyl group isone having one or more double bonds or triple bonds. Examples ofunsaturated alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, vinyl,2-propenyl, crotyl, 2-isopentenyl, 2-(butadienyl), 2,4-pentadienyl,3-(1,4-pentadienyl), ethynyl, 1- and 3-propynyl, 3-butynyl, and thehigher homologs and isomers.

The term “alkylene” by itself or as part of another substituent means adivalent radical derived from an alkane, as exemplified, but notlimited, by —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—. Typically, an alkyl (or alkylene) group willhave from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, with those groups having 10 or fewercarbon atoms being preferred in the invention. A “lower alkyl” or “loweralkylene” is a shorter chain alkyl or alkylene group, generally havingeight or fewer carbon atoms.

The term “alkenylene” by itself or as part of another substituent meansa divalent radical derived from an alkene.

The term “cycloalkylene” by itself or as part of another substituentmeans a divalent radical derived from a cycloalkyl.

The term “heteroalkylene” by itself or as part of another substituentmeans a divalent radical derived from an heteroalkane.

The term “heterocycloalkylene” by itself or as part of anothersubstituent means a divalent radical derived from an heterocycloalkane.

The term “arylene” by itself or as part of another substituent means adivalent radical derived from an aryl.

The term “heteroarylene” by itself or as part of another substituentmeans a divalent radical derived from heteroaryl.

The terms “alkoxy,” “alkylamino” and “alkylthio” (or thioalkoxy) areused in their conventional sense, and refer to those alkyl groupsattached to the remainder of the molecule via an oxygen atom, an aminogroup, or a sulfur atom, respectively.

The term “heteroalkyl,” by itself or in combination with another term,means, unless otherwise stated, a stable straight or branched chain, orcyclic hydrocarbon radical, or combinations thereof, consisting of thestated number of carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom. In someembodiments, the term “heteroalkyl,” by itself or in combination withanother term, means a stable straight or branched chain, or combinationsthereof, consisting of the stated number of carbon atoms and at leastone heteroatom. In an exemplary embodiment, the heteroatoms can beselected from the group consisting of B, O, N and S, and wherein thenitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogenheteroatom may optionally be quaternized. The heteroatom(s) B, O, N andS may be placed at any interior position of the heteroalkyl group or atthe position at which the alkyl group is attached to the remainder ofthe molecule. Examples include, but are not limited to, —CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₃,—CH₂—CH₂—NH—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂—N(CH₃)—CH₃, —CH₂—S—CH₂—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂,—S(O)—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂—S(O)₂—CH₃, —CH═CH—O—CH₃, —CH₂—CH═N—OCH₃, and—CH═CH—N(CH₃)—CH₃. Up to two heteroatoms may be consecutive, such as,for example, —CH₂—NH—OCH₃. Similarly, the term “heteroalkylene” byitself or as part of another substituent means a divalent radicalderived from heteroalkyl, as exemplified, but not limited by,—CH₂—CH₂—S—CH₂—CH₂— and —CH₂—S—CH₂—CH₂—NH—CH₂—. For heteroalkylenegroups, heteroatoms can also occupy either or both of the chain termini(e.g., alkyleneoxy, alkylenedioxy, alkyleneamino, alkylenediamino, andthe like). Still further, for alkylene and heteroalkylene linkinggroups, no orientation of the linking group is implied by the directionin which the formula of the linking group is written. For example, theformula —C(O)₂R′— represents both —C(O)₂R′— and —R′C(O)₂—.

The terms “cycloalkyl” and “heterocycloalkyl”, by themselves or incombination with other terms, represent, unless otherwise stated, cyclicversions of “alkyl” and “heteroalkyl”, respectively. Additionally, forheterocycloalkyl, a heteroatom can occupy the position at which theheterocycle is attached to the remainder of the molecule. Examples ofcycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,1-cyclohexenyl, 3-cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, and the like. Examples ofheterocycloalkyl include, but are not limited to,1-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridyl), 1-piperidinyl, 2-piperidinyl,3-piperidinyl, 4-morpholinyl, 3-morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl,tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, tetrahydrothien-2-yl, tetrahydrothien-3-yl,1-piperazinyl, 2-piperazinyl, and the like.

The terms “halo” or “halogen,” by themselves or as part of anothersubstituent, mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine,bromine, or iodine atom. Additionally, terms such as “haloalkyl,” aremeant to include monohaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl. For example, the term“halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl” is mean to include, but not be limited to,trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 4-chlorobutyl, 3-bromopropyl, andthe like.

The term “aryl” means, unless otherwise stated, a polyunsaturated,aromatic, substituent that can be a single ring or multiple rings(preferably from 1 or 2 or 3 rings), which are fused together or linkedcovalently. The term “heteroaryl” refers to aryl groups (or rings) thatcontain from one to four heteroatoms. In an exemplary embodiment, theheteroatom is selected from B, N, O, and S, wherein the nitrogen andsulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen atom(s) areoptionally quaternized. A heteroaryl group can be attached to theremainder of the molecule through a heteroatom. Non-limiting examples ofaryl and heteroaryl groups include phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl,4-biphenyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrazolyl,2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl,2-phenyl-4-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl,5-isoxazolyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl,2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyrimidyl,4-pyrimidyl, 5-benzothiazolyl, purinyl, 2-benzimidazolyl, 5-indolyl,1-isoquinolyl, 5-isoquinolyl, 2-quinoxalinyl, 5-quinoxalinyl,3-quinolyl, and 6-quinolyl. Substituents for each of the above notedaryl and heteroaryl ring systems are selected from the group ofacceptable substituents described below.

For brevity, the term “aryl” when used in combination with other terms(e.g., aryloxy, arylthioxy, arylalkyl) includes those radicals in whichan aryl group is attached through the next moiety to the rest of themolecule. Thus, the term “arylalkyl” is meant to include those radicalsin which an aryl group is attached to an alkyl group (e.g., benzyl,1-(3-nitrophenyl)ethyl and the like). A substituent such as benzyl or1-(3-nitrophenyl)ethyl can also be represented by ‘substituted alkyl’wherein the ethyl radical is substituted with a 3-nitrophenyl moiety.The term “aryloxy” is meant to include those radicals in which an arylgroup is attached to an oxygen atom. The term “aryloxyalkyl” is meant toinclude those radicals in which an aryl group is attached to an oxygenatom which is then attached to an alkyl group (e.g., phenoxymethyl,3-(1-naphthyloxy)propyl, and the like).

For brevity, the term “heteroaryl” when used in combination with otherterms (e.g., heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthioxy, heteroarylalkyl) includesthose radicals in which a heteroaryl group is attached through the nextmoiety to the rest of the molecule. Thus, the term “heteroarylalkyl” ismeant to include those radicals in which a heteroaryl group is attachedto an alkyl group (e.g., pyridylmethyl and the like). The term“heteroaryloxy” is meant to include those radicals in which a heteroarylgroup is attached to an oxygen atom. The term “heteroaryloxyalkyl” ismeant to include those radicals in which an aryl group is attached to anoxygen atom which is then attached to an alkyl group. (e.g.,2-pyridyloxymethyl and the like).

Each of the above terms (e.g., “alkyl,” “heteroalkyl,” “aryl” and“heteroaryl”) are meant to include both substituted and unsubstitutedforms of the indicated radical. Preferred substituents for each type ofradical are provided below.

Substituents for the alkyl and heteroalkyl radicals (including thosegroups often referred to as alkylene, alkenyl, heteroalkylene,heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, andheterocycloalkenyl) are generically referred to as “alkyl groupsubstituents,” and they can be one or more of a variety of groupsselected from, but not limited to: —R′, —OR′, ═O, ═NR′, ═N—OR′, —NR′R″,—SR′, -halogen, —SiR′R″R″′, —OC(O)R′, —C(O)R′, —CO₂R′, —CONR′R″,—OC(O)NR′R″, —NR″C(O)R′, —NR′—C(O)NR″R″′, —NR″C(O)₂R′,—NR″″′—C(NR′R″R″′)═NR″′, —NR″″—C(NR′R″)═NR″′, —S(O)R′, —S(O)₂R′,—S(O)₂NR′R″, —NR″SO₂R′, —CN, —NO₂, —N₃, —CH(Ph)₂, fluoro(C₁-C₄)alkoxy,and fluoro(C₁-C₄)alkyl, in a number ranging from zero to (2 m′+1), wherem′ is the total number of carbon atoms in such radical. R′, R″, R″′, R″″and R″″′ each preferably independently refer to hydrogen, substituted orunsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, e.g., arylsubstituted with 1 or 2 or 3 halogens, substituted or unsubstitutedalkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy groups, or arylalkyl groups. When a compoundof the invention includes more than one R group, for example, each ofthe R groups is independently selected as are each R′, R″, R″′, R″″ andR″″′ groups when more than one of these groups is present. When R′ andR″ are attached to the same nitrogen atom, they can be combined with thenitrogen atom to form a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring. For example, —NR′R″is meant to include, but not be limited to, 1-pyrrolidinyl and4-morpholinyl. From the above discussion of substituents, one of skillin the art will understand that the term “alkyl” is meant to includegroups including carbon atoms bound to groups other than hydrogengroups, such as haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃ and —CH₂CF₃) and acyl (e.g.,—C(O)CH₃, —C(O)CF₃, —C(O)CH₂OCH₃, and the like).

Similar to the substituents described for the alkyl radical,substituents for the aryl and heteroaryl groups are generically referredto as “aryl group substituents.” The substituents are selected from, forexample: —R′, —OR′, ═O, ═NR′, ═N—OR′, —NR′R″, —SR′, -halogen,—SiR′R″R″′, —OC(O)R′, —C(O)R′, —CO₂R′, —CONR′R″, —OC(O)NR′R″,—NR″C(O)R′, —NR′—C(O)NR″R″′, —NR″C(O)₂R′, —NR″″′—C(NR′R″R″′)═NR″″,—NR″″—C(NR′R″)═NR″′, —S(O)R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)₂NR′R″, —NR″SO₂R′, —CN,—NO₂, —N₃, —CH(Ph)₂, fluoro(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, and fluoro(C₁-C₄)alkyl, in anumber ranging from zero to the total number of open valences on thearomatic ring system; and where R′, R″, R″′, R″″ and R″″′ are preferablyindependently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstitutedalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. When acompound of the invention includes more than one R group, for example,each of the R groups is independently selected as are each R′, R″, R″′,R″″ and R″″′ groups when more than one of these groups is present.

Two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ringmay optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula-T-C(O)—(CRR′)_(q)—U—, wherein T and U are independently —NR—, —O—,—CRR′— or a single bond, and q is an integer from 0 to 3. Alternatively,two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ringmay optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula-A-(CH₂)_(r)—B—, wherein A and B are independently —CRR′—, —O—, —NR—,—S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR′— or a single bond, and r is an integerfrom 1 or 2 or 3 or 4. One of the single bonds of the new ring so formedmay optionally be replaced with a double bond. Alternatively, two of thesubstituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring mayoptionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula—(CRR′)_(s)—X—(CR″R″′)_(d)—, where s and d are independently integersfrom 0 or 1 or 2 or 3, and X is —O—, —NR′—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, or—S(O)₂NR′—. The substituents R, R′, R″ and R″′ are preferablyindependently selected from hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted (C₁or C₂ or C₃ or C₄ or C₅ or C₆)alkyl.

“Ring” as used herein, means a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. A ringincludes fused ring moieties. The number of atoms in a ring is typicallydefined by the number of members in the ring. For example, a “5- to7-membered ring” means there are 5 or 6 or 7 atoms in the encirclingarrangement. Unless otherwise specified, the ring optionally includes aheteroatom. Thus, the term “5- to 7-membered ring” includes, for examplephenyl, pyridinyl and piperidinyl. The term “5- to 7-memberedheterocycloalkyl ring”, on the other hand, would include pyridinyl andpiperidinyl, but not phenyl. The term “ring” further includes a ringsystem comprising more than one “ring”, wherein each “ring” isindependently defined as above.

As used herein, the term “heteroatom” includes atoms other than carbon(C) and hydrogen (H). Examples include oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) sulfur(S), silicon (Si), and boron (B).

The term “leaving group” means a functional group or atom which can bedisplaced by another functional group or atom in a substitutionreaction, such as a nucleophilic substitution reaction. By way ofexample, representative leaving groups include triflate, chloro, bromoand iodo groups; sulfonic ester groups, such as mesylate, tosylate,brosylate, nosylate and the like; and acyloxy groups, such as acetoxy,trifluoroacetoxy and the like.

The symbol “R” is a general abbreviation that represents a substituentgroup that is selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl and substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl groups.

By “effective” amount of a drug, formulation, or permeant is meant asufficient amount of an active agent to provide the desired local orsystemic effect. A “Topically effective,” “pharmaceutically effective,”or “therapeutically effective” amount refers to the amount of drugneeded to effect the desired result.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” is meant to include a saltof a compound of the invention which is prepared with relativelynontoxic acids or bases, depending on the particular substituents foundon the compounds described herein. When compounds of the inventioncontain relatively acidic functionalities, base addition salts can beobtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with asufficient amount of the desired base, either neat or in a suitableinert solvent. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable base additionsalts include sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium, organic amino (suchas choline or diethylamine or amino acids such as d-arginine,l-arginine, d-lysine or l-lysine), or magnesium salt, or a similar salt.When compounds of the invention contain relatively basicfunctionalities, acid addition salts can be obtained by contacting theneutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desiredacid, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples ofpharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include those derivedfrom inorganic acids like hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, carbonic,monohydrogencarbonic, phosphoric, monohydrogenphosphoric,dihydrogenphosphoric, sulfuric, monohydrogensulfuric, hydriodic, orphosphorous acids and the like, as well as the salts derived fromrelatively nontoxic organic acids like acetic, propionic, isobutyric,maleic, malonic, benzoic, succinic, suberic, fumaric, lactic, mandelic,phthalic, benzenesulfonic, p-tolylsulfonic, citric, tartaric,methanesulfonic, and the like. Also included are salts of amino acidssuch as arginate and the like, and salts of organic acids likeglucuronic or galactunoric acids and the like (see, for example, Bergeet al., “Pharmaceutical Salts”, Journal of Pharmaceutical Science 66:1-19 (1977)). Certain specific compounds of the invention contain bothbasic and acidic functionalities that allow the compounds to beconverted into either base or acid addition salts.

The neutral forms of the compounds are preferably regenerated bycontacting the salt with a base or acid and isolating the parentcompounds in the conventional manner. The parent form of the compounddiffers from the various salt forms in certain physical properties, suchas solubility in polar solvents.

In addition to salt forms, the invention provides compounds which are ina prodrug form. Prodrugs of the compounds described herein readilyundergo chemical changes under physiological conditions to provide thecompounds of the invention. Additionally, prodrugs can be converted tothe compounds of the invention by chemical or biochemical methods in anex vivo environment.

Certain compounds of the invention can exist in unsolvated forms as wellas solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, the solvatedforms are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are encompassed within thescope of the invention. Certain compounds of the invention may exist inmultiple crystalline or amorphous forms.

Certain compounds of the invention possess asymmetric carbon atoms(optical centers) or double bonds; the racemates, diastereomers,geometric isomers and individual isomers are encompassed within thescope of the invention. The graphic representations of racemic,ambiscalemic and scalemic or enantiomerically pure compounds used hereinare taken from Maehr, J. Chem. Ed. 1985, 62: 114-120. Solid and brokenwedges are used to denote the absolute configuration of a stereocenterunless otherwise noted. When the compounds described herein containolefinic double bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, andunless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds includeboth E and Z geometric isomers. Likewise, all tautomeric forms areincluded.

Compounds of the invention can exist in particular geometric orstereoisomeric forms. The invention contemplates all such compounds,including cis- and trans-isomers, (−)- and (+)-enantiomers, (R)- and(S)-enantiomers, diastereomers, (D)-isomers, (L)-isomers, the racemicmixtures thereof, and other mixtures thereof, such as enantiomericallyor diastereomerically enriched mixtures, as falling within the scope ofthe invention. Additional asymmetric carbon atoms can be present in asubstituent such as an alkyl group. All such isomers, as well asmixtures thereof, are intended to be included in this invention.

Optically active (R)- and (S)-isomers and d and l isomers can beprepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved usingconventional techniques. If, for instance, a particular enantiomer of acompound of the invention is desired, it can be prepared by asymmetricsynthesis, or by derivatization with a chiral auxiliary, where theresulting diastereomeric mixture is separated and the auxiliary groupcleaved to provide the pure desired enantiomers. Alternatively, wherethe molecule contains a basic functional group, such as an amino group,or an acidic functional group, such as a carboxyl group, diastereomericsalts can be formed with an appropriate optically active acid or base,followed by resolution of the diastereomers thus formed by fractionalcrystallization or chromatographic means known in the art, andsubsequent recovery of the pure enantiomers. In addition, separation ofenantiomers and diastereomers is frequently accomplished usingchromatography employing chiral, stationary phases, optionally incombination with chemical derivatization (e.g., formation of carbamatesfrom amines).

The compounds of the invention may also contain unnatural proportions ofatomic isotopes at one or more of the atoms that constitute suchcompounds. For example, the compounds may be radiolabeled withradioactive isotopes, such as for example tritium (³H), iodine-125(¹²⁵I) or carbon-14 (¹⁴C). All isotopic variations of the compounds ofthe invention, whether radioactive or not, are intended to beencompassed within the scope of the invention.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or “pharmaceuticallyacceptable vehicle” refers to any formulation or carrier medium thatprovides the appropriate delivery of an effective amount of an activeagent as defined herein, does not interfere with the effectiveness ofthe biological activity of the active agent, and that is sufficientlynon-toxic to the host or patient. Representative carriers include water,oils, both vegetable and mineral, cream bases, lotion bases, ointmentbases and the like. These bases include suspending agents, thickeners,penetration enhancers, and the like. Their formulation is well known tothose in the art of cosmetics and topical pharmaceuticals. Additionalinformation concerning carriers can be found in Remington: The Scienceand Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Ed., Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins(2005) which is incorporated herein by reference.

The term “excipients” is conventionally known to mean carriers, diluentsand/or vehicles used in formulating drug compositions effective for thedesired use.

The term “microbial infection” or “infection by a microorganism” refersto any infection of a host tissue by an infectious agent including, butnot limited to, bacteria or protozoa (see, e.g., Harrison's Principlesof Internal Medicine, pp. 93-98 (Wilson et al., eds., 12th ed. 1991);Williams et al., J. of Medicinal Chem. 42:1481-1485 (1999), herein eachincorporated by reference in their entirety).

“Biological medium,” as used herein refers to both in vitro and in vivobiological milieus. Exemplary in vitro “biological media” include, butare not limited to, cell culture, tissue culture, homogenates, plasmaand blood. In vivo applications are generally performed in mammals,preferably humans.

“Inhibiting” and “blocking,” are used interchangeably herein to refer tothe partial or full blockade of enzyme. In an exemplary embodiment, theenzyme is an editing domain of a tRNA synthetase.

Boron is able to form additional covalent or dative bonds with oxygen,sulfur or nitrogen under some circumstances in this invention.

Embodiments of the invention also encompass compounds that are poly- ormulti-valent species, including, for example, species such as dimers,trimers, tetramers and higher homologs of the compounds of use in theinvention or reactive analogues thereof.

“Salt counterion”, as used herein, refers to positively charged ionsthat associate with a compound of the invention when the boron is fullynegatively or partially negatively charged. Examples of salt counterionsinclude H⁺, H₃O⁺, ammonium, potassium, calcium, magnesium (such ascholine or diethylamine or amino acids such as d-arginine, l-arginine,d-lysine or l-lysine) and sodium.

The compounds comprising a boron bonded to a carbon and threeheteroatoms (such as three oxygens described in this section) canoptionally contain a fully negatively charged boron or partiallynegatively charged boron. Due to the negative charge, a positivelycharged counterion may associate with this compound, thus forming asalt. Examples of salt counterions include H⁺, H₃O⁺, ammonium,potassium, calcium, magnesium (such as choline or diethylamine or aminoacids such as d-arginine, l-arginine, d-lysine or l-lysine) and sodium.The salts of the compounds are implicitly contained in descriptions ofthese compounds.

II. Introduction

The invention provides novel boron compounds and methods for thepreparation of these molecules. The invention further provides methodsof treating bacterial infections, killing or inhibiting the growth ofbacteria in part or wholly through the use of the compounds describedherein. In another aspect, the invention is a combination of a compoundof the invention and an antibiotic. In another aspect, the invention isa pharmaceutical formulation comprising a pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient and a compound of the invention. In another aspect, theinvention is a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound of theinvention, an antibiotic, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

III. Composition of Matter

III. a.) Compounds

In one aspect the invention provides a compound of the invention. In anexemplary embodiment, the invention provides a compound describedherein, or a salt thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, the salt of acompound described herein is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. In anexemplary embodiment, the invention provides a compound describedherein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In an exemplaryembodiment, the invention provides a compound described in a formulaprovided herein. In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides acompound described herein.

In an aspect, the invention provides a compound having a structure whichis:

wherein R³ is substituted or unsubstituted nitroalkyl or substituted orunsubstituted aminoalkyl; R⁴ is selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, unsubstituted alkyl unsubstituted alkoxy and unsubstitutedphenyl; Y is O or S; R⁵ is selected from the group consisting ofsubstituted or unsubstituted alkyl and substituted or unsubstitutedheteroalkyl; or a salt, hydrate or solvate thereof.

In an aspect, the invention provides a compound having a structure whichis:

wherein R³ is substituted or unsubstituted nitroalkyl or substituted orunsubstituted aminoalkyl; R⁴ is selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted alkoxy, and unsubstitutedphenyl; Y is O or S; R⁵ is selected from the group consisting ofsubstituted or unsubstituted alkyl and substituted or unsubstitutedheteroalkyl; or a salt, hydrate or solvate thereof.

In an aspect, the invention provides a compound having a structure whichis:

wherein R³ is substituted or unsubstituted nitroalkyl or substituted orunsubstituted aminoalkyl; R⁴ is selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted alkoxy, and unsubstitutedphenyl; Y is O or S; R⁵ is selected from the group consisting ofsubstituted or unsubstituted alkyl and substituted or unsubstitutedheteroalkyl; or a salt, hydrate or solvate thereof.

In an exemplary embodiment, there is provided a compound having astructure according to the following formula:

wherein C* is a carbon atom stereocenter which has a configuration whichis (R) or (S). In an exemplary embodiment, the C*stereocenter is in the(S) configuration.

In an exemplary embodiment, there is provided a compound having astructure according to the following formula:

wherein C* is a carbon atom stereocenter which has a configuration whichis (R) or (S). In an exemplary embodiment, the C* stereocenter is in the(S) configuration.

In an exemplary embodiment, there is provided a compound having astructure according to the following formula:

wherein C* is a carbon atom stereocenter which has a configuration whichis (R) or (S). In an exemplary embodiment, the C* stereocenter is in the(S) configuration.

In an exemplary embodiment, Y, R⁵ and R⁴ are as described herein, R³ is—(CR²⁰R²¹)_(n)NR²²R²³ in which n is an integer selected from 1 to 10;each R²⁰ and each R²¹ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of H, R²⁶, OR²⁶, NR²⁶R²⁷, SR²⁶, —S(O)R²⁶, —S(O)₂R²⁶,—S(O)₂NR²⁶R²⁷, —C(O)R²⁷, —C(O)OR²⁷, —C(O)NR²⁶R²⁷; R²² and R²³ areindependently selected from the group consisting of H, —S(O)R²⁸,—S(O)₂R²⁸, —S(O)₂NR²⁸R²⁹, —C(O)R²⁸, —C(O)OR²⁸, —C(O)NR²⁸R²⁹, substitutedor unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl, wherein each R²⁶, each R²⁷, each R²⁸ and eachR²⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of H,substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, andsubstituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In an exemplary embodiment, Y, R⁵ and R⁴ are as described herein, and R³is —CH₂NH₂ or —CH₂NO₂. In an exemplary embodiment, Y, R⁵ and R⁴ are asdescribed herein, and R³ is —CH₂NH₂. In an exemplary embodiment, Y, R⁵and R⁴ are as described herein, R³ is —CH₂NH₂, and C* has aconfiguration which is (S).

In an exemplary embodiment, Y, R⁵ and R³ are as described herein, and R⁴is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and sec-butyl. In an exemplary embodiment,Y, R⁵ and R³ are as described herein, and R⁴ is selected from the groupconsisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. In an exemplaryembodiment, Y, R⁵ and R³ are as described herein, and R⁴ is chlorine orbromine. In an exemplary embodiment, Y, R⁵ and R³ are as describedherein, and R⁴ is chlorine.

In an exemplary embodiment, Y, R⁵ and R³ are as described herein, and R⁴is selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy,isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy, and sec-butoxy. In an exemplaryembodiment, Y, R⁵ and R³ are as described herein, and R⁴ is methoxy orethoxy. In an exemplary embodiment, Y, R⁵ and R³ are as describedherein, and R⁴ is methoxy.

In an exemplary embodiment, Y, R⁴ and R³ are as described herein, and R⁵is:

wherein a is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; each R¹⁰ and each R¹¹ isindependently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, OH and NH₂; R¹² is selected from the groupconsisting of H, R⁷, halogen, cyano, amidino, OR⁷, NR⁷R⁸, SR⁷,—N(R⁷)S(O)₂R⁸, —C(O)R⁷, —C(O)OR⁷, —C(O)NR⁷R⁸ wherein each R⁷ and each R⁸is independently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl. In an exemplary embodiment, Y, R⁴, R³, R¹⁰,R¹¹, and R¹² are as described herein, and a is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In anexemplary embodiment, Y, R⁴, R³, R¹⁰, R¹¹, and R¹² are as describedherein, and a is 2, 3, or 4. In an exemplary embodiment, Y, R⁴, R³, R¹⁰,R¹¹, and R¹² are as described herein, and a is 3. In an exemplaryembodiment, Y, R⁴, R³, a, and R¹² are as described herein, and each R¹⁰and each R¹¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of H,substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, OH, and NH₂. In an exemplaryembodiment, Y, R⁴, R³, a, and R¹² are as described herein, and each R¹⁰and each R¹¹ is H. In an exemplary embodiment, Y, R⁴, R³, R¹⁰, R¹¹, anda are as described herein, and R¹² is selected from the group consistingof H, OH, NH₂, methyl, ethyl, —NHS(O)₂CH₃, cyano, —NHC(O)CH₃,—NHC(O)NHCH₂CH₃, —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)OH, 4-(methoxy)phenyl, benzyl, benzoxy,—NHC(O)OCH₂Ph, —C(O)NHCH₂CH₂OH and —C(NH₂)(NH).

In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴, R³, and R⁵ are as described herein, andY is O. In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴, R³, and Y are as describedherein, and R⁵ is unsubstituted alkyl. In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴,R³, and Y are as described herein, and R⁵ is selected from the groupconsisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl,t-butyl, and sec-butyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is halogen, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, and sec-butyl. In an exemplaryembodiment, R⁴ is halogen, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is selectedfrom the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl. In anexemplary embodiment, R⁴ is halogen, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ isselected from the group consisting of butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, andsec-butyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is chlorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; andR⁵ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, andisopropyl. In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is chlorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Yis O; and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of butyl, isobutyl,t-butyl, and sec-butyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is fluorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; andR⁵ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, andisopropyl. In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is fluorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Yis O; and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of butyl, isobutyl,t-butyl, and sec-butyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is bromine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, andisopropyl. In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is bromine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Yis O; and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of butyl, isobutyl,t-butyl, and sec-butyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is halogen, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵is methyl. In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is fluorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Yis O; and R⁵ is methyl. In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is chlorine, R³is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is methyl. In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ isbromine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is methyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is halogen, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵is ethyl. In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is fluorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Yis O; and R⁵ is ethyl. In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is chlorine, R³ is—CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is ethyl. In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ isbromine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is ethyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is halogen, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵is propyl. In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is fluorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Yis O; and R⁵ is propyl. In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is chlorine, R³is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is propyl. In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ isbromine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is propyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is halogen, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵is isopropyl. In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is fluorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂;Y is O; and R⁵ is isopropyl. In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is chlorine,R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is isopropyl. In an exemplary embodiment,R⁴ is bromine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is isopropyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is halogen, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵is unsubstituted C₄ alkyl. In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is fluorine,R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is unsubstituted C₄ alkyl. In an exemplaryembodiment, R⁴ is chlorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ isunsubstituted C₄ alkyl. In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is bromine, R³ is—CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is unsubstituted C₄ alkyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is halogen, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵is unsubstituted C₅ alkyl. In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is fluorine,R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is unsubstituted C₅ alkyl. In an exemplaryembodiment, R⁴ is chlorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ isunsubstituted C₅ alkyl. In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is bromine, R³ is—CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is unsubstituted C₅ alkyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is halogen, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵is unsubstituted C₆ alkyl. In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is fluorine,R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is unsubstituted C₆ alkyl. In an exemplaryembodiment, R⁴ is chlorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ isunsubstituted C₆ alkyl. In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is bromine, R³ is—CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is unsubstituted C₆ alkyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is chlorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; andR⁵ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, andisopropyl. In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is chlorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Yis O; and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of butyl, isobutyl,t-butyl, and sec-butyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is fluorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; andR⁵ is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, andisopropyl. In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is fluorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Yis O; and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of butyl, isobutyl,t-butyl, and sec-butyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is bromine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, andisopropyl. In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is bromine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Yis O; and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of butyl, isobutyl,t-butyl, and sec-butyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is as described herein, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Yis O; and R⁵ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In an exemplaryembodiment, Y and R⁵ are as described herein, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; and R⁴ ishalogen. In an exemplary embodiment, Y is as described herein, R⁴ ishalogen; Y is O; and R⁵ is unsubstituted alkyl. In an exemplaryembodiment, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; R⁴ is chlorine; Y is O; and R⁵ is substitutedor unsubstituted alkyl. In an exemplary embodiment, R⁴ is as describedherein, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is ethyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, the compound has a structure which is

In an exemplary embodiment, the compound has a structure which is

wherein R⁴, Y and R⁵ are as described herein.

In an exemplary embodiment, the compound has a structure which is

wherein R⁴, Y and R⁵ are as described herein. In an exemplaryembodiment, Y is O, and R⁴ and R⁵ are as described herein. In anexemplary embodiment, Y is O, R⁴ is halogen, and R⁵ are as describedherein. In an exemplary embodiment, Y is O, R⁴ is halogen, and R⁵ isunsubstituted alkyl. In an exemplary embodiment, Y is O, R⁴ is halogen,and R⁵ is methyl or ethyl or propyl or isopropyl. In an exemplaryembodiment, Y is O, R⁴ is halogen, and R⁵ is butyl or isobutyl orneobutyl or t-butyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, the compound has a structure which is

wherein R⁴, Y and R⁵ are as described herein.

In an exemplary embodiment, the compound has a structure which is

wherein R⁴, Y and R⁵ are as described herein. In an exemplaryembodiment, Y is O, and R⁴ and R⁵ are as described herein. In anexemplary embodiment, Y is O, R⁴ is halogen, and R⁵ are as describedherein. In an exemplary embodiment, Y is O, R⁴ is halogen, and R⁵ isunsubstituted alkyl. In an exemplary embodiment, Y is O, R⁴ is halogen,and R⁵ is methyl or ethyl or propyl or isopropyl. In an exemplaryembodiment, Y is O, R⁴ is halogen, and R⁵ is butyl or isobutyl orneobutyl or t-butyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, the compound has a structure which is

wherein R⁴, Y and R⁵ are as described herein.

In an exemplary embodiment, the compound has a structure which is

wherein R⁴, Y and R⁵ are as described herein. In an exemplaryembodiment, Y is O, and R⁴ and R⁵ are as described herein. In anexemplary embodiment, Y is O, R⁴ is halogen, and R⁵ are as describedherein. In an exemplary embodiment, Y is O, R⁴ is halogen, and R⁵ isunsubstituted alkyl. In an exemplary embodiment, Y is O, R⁴ is halogen,and R⁵ is methyl or ethyl or propyl or isopropyl. In an exemplaryembodiment, Y is O, R⁴ is halogen, and R⁵ is butyl or isobutyl orneobutyl or t-butyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, said alkyl is linear alkyl or branchedalkyl, In an exemplary embodiment, said heteroalkyl is linearheteroalkyl or branched heteroalkyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides poly- or multi-valentspecies of the compounds of the invention, including a dimer or atrimer. Another exemplary embodiment of the invention provides ananhydride of the compounds of the invention. In another exemplaryembodiment, the invention provides poly- or multi-valent species of thecompounds of the invention. In an exemplary embodiment, the inventionprovides a dimer of the compounds described herein. In an exemplaryembodiment, the invention provides a dimer of the compounds describedherein.

In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides an anhydride of thecompounds described herein. In an exemplary embodiment, the inventionprovides an anhydride of the compounds described herein.

In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides a trimer of thecompounds described herein. In an exemplary embodiment, the inventionprovides a trimer of the compounds described herein.

The compounds of the invention can form a hydrate with water, solvateswith alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, and the like; adductswith amino compounds, such as ammonia, methylamine, ethylamine, and thelike; adducts with acids, such as formic acid, acetic acid and the like;complexes with ethanolamine, quinoline, amino acids, and the like.

In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides a compound describedherein, or a salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, or a combination thereof.In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides a compound describedherein, or a salt, hydrate or solvate thereof. In an exemplaryembodiment, the invention provides a compound described herein, or asalt thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, the salt is a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt. In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides acompound described herein, or a hydrate thereof. In an exemplaryembodiment, the invention provides a compound described herein, or asolvate thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides acompound described herein, or a prodrug thereof. In an exemplaryembodiment, the invention provides a salt of a compound describedherein. In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides apharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound described herein. In anexemplary embodiment, the invention provides a hydrate of a compounddescribed herein. In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides asolvate of a compound described herein. In an exemplary embodiment, theinvention provides a prodrug of a compound described herein. In anexemplary embodiment, the invention provides a compound as described inFIG. 1, or a salt thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, the inventionprovides a compound as described in FIG. 1, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof.

In an exemplary embodiment, alkyl is linear alkyl. In another exemplaryembodiment, alkyl is branched alkyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, heteroalkyl is linear heteroalkyl. Inanother exemplary embodiment, heteroalkyl is branched heteroalkyl.

III. b) Combinations Comprising Additional Therapeutic Agents

The compounds of the invention may also be used in combination withadditional therapeutic agents. The invention thus provides, in a furtheraspect, a combination comprising a compound of the invention togetherwith at least one additional therapeutic agent, or a salt, prodrug,hydrate or solvate thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, the compound ofthe invention is a compound described herein, or a salt thereof. In anexemplary embodiment, the additional therapeutic agent is a compound ofthe invention. In an exemplary embodiment, the additional therapeuticagent includes a boron atom. In an exemplary embodiment, the additionaltherapeutic agent does not contain a boron atom. In an exemplaryembodiment, the additional therapeutic agent is a compound described insections III a) or b).

When a compound of the invention is used in combination with a secondtherapeutic agent active against the same disease state, the dose ofeach compound may differ from that when the compound is used alone.Appropriate doses will be readily appreciated by those skilled in theart. It will be appreciated that the amount of a compound of theinvention required for use in treatment will vary with the nature of thecondition being treated and the age and the condition of the patient andwill be ultimately at the discretion of the attendant physician orveterinarian.

In an exemplary embodiment, the additional therapeutic agent is anantibacterial agent. In an exemplary embodiment, the additionaltherapeutic agent is an antituberculosis agent. In an exemplaryembodiment, the additional therapeutic agent is rifampicin. In anexemplary embodiment, the additional therapeutic agent is isoniazid. Inan exemplary embodiment, the additional therapeutic agent ispyrazinamide. In an exemplary embodiment, the additional therapeuticagent is ethambutol. In an exemplary embodiment, the additionaltherapeutic agent is isoniazid. In an exemplary embodiment, theadditional therapeutic agent is streptomycin. In an exemplaryembodiment, the additional therapeutic agent is an aminoglycoside. In anexemplary embodiment, the additional therapeutic agent is amikacin orkanamycin. In an exemplary embodiment, the additional therapeutic agentis a polypeptide. In an exemplary embodiment, the additional therapeuticagent is selected from the group consisting of capreomycin, viomycin,and enviomycin. In an exemplary embodiment, the additional therapeuticagent is a fluoroquinolone. In an exemplary embodiment, the additionaltherapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting ofciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin. In an exemplaryembodiment, the additional therapeutic agent is a thioamide. In anexemplary embodiment, the additional therapeutic agent is ethionamide orprothionamide. In an exemplary embodiment, the additional therapeuticagent is cycloserine. In an exemplary embodiment, the additionaltherapeutic agent is p-aminosalicylic acid. In an exemplary embodiment,the additional therapeutic agent is selected from the group consistingof rifabutin, linezolid, thioacetazone, thioridazine, arginine, vitaminD, and R207910. In an exemplary embodiment, the additional therapeuticagent is a macrolide.

The individual components of such combinations may be administeredeither simultaneously or sequentially in a unit dosage form. The unitdosage form may be a single or multiple unit dosage forms. In anexemplary embodiment, the invention provides a combination in a singleunit dosage form. An example of a single unit dosage form is a capsulewherein both the compound of the invention and the additionaltherapeutic agent are contained within the same capsule. In an exemplaryembodiment, the invention provides a combination in a two unit dosageform. An example of a two unit dosage form is a first capsule whichcontains the compound of the invention and a second capsule whichcontains the additional therapeutic agent. Thus the term ‘single unit’or ‘two unit’ or ‘multiple unit’ refers to the object which the animal(for example, a human) ingests, not to the interior components of theobject. Appropriate doses of known therapeutic agents will be readilyappreciated by those skilled in the art.

The combinations referred to herein may conveniently be presented foruse in the form of a pharmaceutical formulation. Thus, an exemplaryembodiment of the invention is a pharmaceutical formulation comprisinga) a compound of the invention; b) an additional therapeutic agent andc) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In an exemplary embodiment,the pharmaceutical formulation is a unit dosage form. In an exemplaryembodiment, the pharmaceutical formulation is a single unit dosage form.In an exemplary embodiment, the pharmaceutical formulation is a singleunit dosage form which includes a compound of the invention; anantibiotic and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In an exemplaryembodiment, the pharmaceutical formulation is a single unit dosage formwhich includes a compound of the invention; an antibiotic and at leastone pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In an exemplary embodiment,the pharmaceutical formulation is a two unit dosage form. In anexemplary embodiment, the pharmaceutical formulation is a two unitdosage form comprising a first unit dosage form and a second unit dosageform, wherein the first unit dosage form includes a) a compound of theinvention and b) a first pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; and thesecond unit dosage form includes c) an additional therapeutic agent andd) a second pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In an exemplaryembodiment, the pharmaceutical formulation is a two unit dosage formcomprising a first unit dosage form and a second unit dosage form,wherein the first unit dosage form includes a) a compound of theinvention and b) a first pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; and thesecond unit dosage form includes c) an antibiotic and d) a secondpharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

III. c) Preparation of Boron-Containing Compounds

Compounds of use in the invention can be prepared using commerciallyavailable starting materials, known intermediates, or by using thesynthetic methods published in references described and incorporated byreference herein, such as U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/142,692and U.S. Pat. Pubs. US20060234981, US20070155699 and US20070293457.

The following general procedures were used as indicated in generatingthe examples and can be applied, using the knowledge of one of skill inthe art, to other appropriate compounds to obtain additional analogues.

Scheme 1 describes a synthesis for compounds of (I), wherein R⁴ isfluorine or chlorine and Y and R⁵ are as described herein. The fluoro orchloro compound of formula A, which may be prepared or maybe availablecommercially from Sigma-Aldrich, is reacted with a strong base (such asn-BuLi, sec-BuLi, or t-BuLi, 2 equiv) followed by quenching with aformylating agent (such as DMF, dimethylformamide, formanilide,N-formylmorpholine, large excess) to give the compound of formula B.Treatment of compound B with a demethylating agent (typically BBr₃, 2equiv) in a suitable solvent (dichloromethane, THF) gives the phenol offormula C. Compound C can react with a corresponding bromide or mesylate(1-1.5 equiv) in the presence of a base (such as KOtBu, K₂CO₃, orCs₂CO₃, 1.5-2 equiv) in an aprotic solvent such as DMF or DMSO to affordthe compound of formula D. Compound D may be converted to triflate E bythe reaction with 1.2 equiv of trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride andpyridine in dichloromethane. The conversion of triflate E to boronate Fcan be achieved by the reaction with bis(pinacolato)diborane (2 equiv),KOAc (3 equiv) and catalytic amount of PdCl₂(dppf) (4-8 mol %). Thereaction of compound F with nitromethane (3 equiv) in the presence ofsodium hydroxide (3 equiv) in water or THF gives the nitro compound offormula G. The compound G can be converted to the final product offormula H by the Raney-Ni reduction (Raney Ni, 2 equiv w/w, 2.0 M NH₃ inEtOH, absolute EtOH).

Scheme 2 describes a synthesis for compounds of (I), wherein R⁴ ischlorine, Y and R⁵ are as described herein. The phenol or thiophenol offormula I, which may be prepared or maybe available commercially fromSigma-Aldrich, react with a solution of bromine and catalytic amount ofiron powder in glacial acetic acid to give the bromo substitutedcompound of formula J. The alkylation of J can be achieved by reactingwith a bromide in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate insolvents like DMF or acetonitrile. The protection of aldehyde K may beachieved by refluxing with ethylene glycol in toluene, in the presenceof catalytic amount of p-toluenesulfonic acid. The reaction of thecompound L with BuLi and triisopropyl borate, followed by treating withhydrochloric acid yields boronic acid M. The reaction of compound M withnitromethane in the presence of sodium hydroxide gives the nitrocompound of formula N. The treatment of N with 1 equivalent of sulfurylchloride affords the chloro substituted compound O. The Raney-Nireduction of compound O in MeOH gives the final product of formula P.

Scheme 3 describes a synthesis for compounds of (I), wherein R⁴ isbromine, Y and R⁵ are as described herein. The compound of formula N,which may be prepared according to Scheme 2, can be reduced to the amineof formula S, by hydrogenation in the presence of palladium hydroxide orRaney-Ni reduction as described above. The amine of formula S reactswith an N-Protecting reagent such as Boc anhydride in the presence ofbase like triethylamine in dichloromethane to give Boc-protectedcompound of formula T. The treatment of T with N-bromosuccinimide andcatalytic amount of AIBN in acetonitrile gives the bromo substitutedcompound of formula U. Deprotection of compound U in the presence ofacid such as HCl in dioxane will afford the final compound of formula U.

Scheme 4 describes a synthesis for compounds of (I), wherein R⁴ is analkyl or aryl group, Y and R⁵ are as described herein. The compound offormula N, which may be prepared according to Scheme 2, can bebrominated with N-bromosuccinimide and catalytic amount of AIBN in asolvent such as acetonitrile to give the bromide of formula W. Stillecoupling of W with an organotin compound such as tetramethylstannane ortributyl-phenyl-stannane in the presence of catalytic Pd(Ph₃P)₄ in DMFaffords the compound of formula X. Compound X can be reduced to thefinal compound of formula Y by hydrogenation in the presence ofpalladium on carbon or Raney-Ni reduction as described above.Alternatively, Stille reaction of W with an organotin compound such asvinyltributyltin in the presence of catalytic amount of Pd(Ph₃P)₄ in DMFaffords the compound of formula Z. After Raney-Ni reduction of compoundZ, further hydrogenation in the presence of palladium on carbon asdescribed above will afford the final compound of formula AB.

Scheme 5 describes a method to separate compounds (1) into theirenantiomeric isomers, wherein R⁴, Y, and R⁵ are as described herein. Thecompound of formula AC, which may be prepared according to Scheme 1 orScheme 2 or Scheme 3 or Scheme 4, can be converted to the Boc-protectedcompound AD by the reaction with an N-Protecting reagent such as Bocanhydride in the presence of base like triethylamine in dichloromethane.Racemic compound AD can be resolved via chiral HPLC using a chiralcolumn such as ChiralPak AD-H and SF CO₂/methanol as eluent. Twocompounds collected are enantiomer AE and enantiomer AF. Analysis of theenantiomeric purity of each isomer can be achieved using a chiral columnsuch as ChiralPak AD column. The Boc-protected compounds AE and AF canbe converted to the final chiral compounds AG and AH, by deprotectionusing acid such as HCl in dioxane.

Scheme 6 describes an alternative method to separate chiral compounds AIinto their enantiomeric isomers, wherein R⁴, Y, and R⁵ are as describedherein. The compound of formula AI may be prepared according to Scheme 1or Scheme 2 or Scheme 3 or Scheme 4. The separation of the twoenantiomers was achieved by dissolving the racemic material AI in asuitable solvent and applying to an appropriate chiral column and eluentsystem. The collected separated enantiomer samples were thenconcentrated and used in the next step without further purification.Using this technique, it is possible to achieve a range of enantiomericexcesses of the separated enantiomers. The nitro compound AJ and AK canbe converted to the final chiral compounds AL and AM, respectively, byRaney-Ni reduction (Raney Ni, 2 equiv w/w, 2.0 M NH₃ in EtOH, absoluteEtOH).

IV. Assays

Art-recognized techniques of genetics and molecular biology are of useto identify compounds that bind to and/or inhibit an enzyme, such as atRNA synthetase. Moreover, these techniques are of use to distinguishwhether a compound binds to and/or inhibits a particular domain of theenzyme. For example, for leucyl tRNA synthetase (LeuRS), thesetechniques can distinguish whether a compound binds to and/or inhibitsthe synthetic domain, the editing domain, or both the editing andsynthetic domains. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis leuS gene wassynthesized by Genscript (Piscataway, N.J.) using E. coli optimizedcodons and protein was made using standard T7 RNA polymeraseover-expression protocols and standard purification protocols.

IV. a) LeuRS

In an exemplary assay, activity of a representative compound against theediting domain was confirmed. To identify the target of a novelboron-containing antibacterial compound, mutants in E. coli showingresistance to the compound were isolated. Characterization of mutantsshowed that they have an 32-256 fold increase in resistance to thecompound over wildtype. The mutants were furthermore shown to besensitive to various antibacterial agents with known modes of action,suggesting that the cellular target of the compound is distinct from thetarget of the other antibacterial agents. The leuS gene from the mutantswas cloned onto a plasmid and their resistance was confirmed by MIC. Theediting domain from these mutants were sequenced and the mutations wereall located in the editing domain of this enzyme.

Assays to determine whether, and how effectively, a particular compoundbinds to and/or inhibits the editing domain of a selected tRNAsynthetase are also set forth herein, and additional assays are readilyavailable to those of skill in the art. Briefly, in an exemplary assay,an improperly charged tRNA and a tRNA synthetase that is capable ofediting the improperly charged tRNA are combined. The resulting mixtureis contacted with the putative inhibitor and the degree of editinginhibition is observed.

Another assay uses genetics to show that a drug works via the editingdomain. In this assay, the compound is first tested against a strain ofcells over-expressing copies of the tRNA synthetase gene. The compound'seffect on the over-expressing strain is compared with a control strainto determine whether the compound is active against the synthetase. Ifthe minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is 2-fold higher in thestrain with extra copies of the synthetase gene than the MIC of theinhibitor against a wild type cell, a further genetic screen isconducted to determine whether the increased resistance is due tomutations in the editing domain. In this second screen, the controlstrain is challenged against a high concentration of the inhibitor. Thecolonies surviving the challenge are isolated and DNA from these cellsis isolated. The editing domain is amplified using a proof-reading PCRenzyme and the appropriate primers. The PCR product can be purifiedusing standard procedures. The sequence amplified mutant DNA is comparedto wild-type. If the mutant DNA bears mutations in the editing domain,such results would suggest that the compound binds to the editing domainand affects the editing function of the molecule through this domain.

Generally, the compounds to be tested are present in the assays inranges from about 1 pM to about 100 mM, preferably from about 1 pM toabout 1 μM. Other compounds range from about 1 nM to about 100 nM,preferably from about 1 nM to about 1 μM.

The effects of the test compounds upon the function of the enzymes canalso be measured by any suitable physiological change. When thefunctional consequences are determined using intact cells or animals,one can also measure a variety of effects such as transmitter release,hormone release, transcriptional changes to both known anduncharacterized genetic markers, changes in cell metabolism such as cellgrowth or pH changes, and changes in intracellular second messengerssuch as Ca²⁺, or cyclic nucleotides.

Utilizing the assays set forth herein and others readily available inthe art, those of skill in the art will be able to readily and routinelydetermine other compounds and classes of compounds that operate to bindto and/or inhibit the editing domain of tRNA synthetases.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for identifying acompound which binds to an editing domain of a tRNA synthetasecomprising: a) contacting said editing domain with a test compound underconditions suitable for binding; and b) detecting binding of said testcompound to said editing domain. In an exemplary embodiment, detectingbinding of said compound comprises use of at least one detectableelement, isotope, or chemical label attached to said compound. In anexemplary embodiment, the element, isotope or chemical label is detectedby a fluorescent, luminescent, radioactive, or absorbance readout. In anexemplary embodiment, the contacting of said test compound with saidediting domain also includes further contacting said test compound andsaid editing domain with a member selected from AMP and a molecule witha terminal adenosine. In an exemplary embodiment, the tRNA synthetase isderived from leucyl tRNA synthetase. In an exemplary embodiment, thetRNA synthetase is derived from a mutated tRNA synthetase, wherein saidmutated tRNA synthetase comprises amino acid mutations in an editingdomain. In another exemplary embodiment, wherein said editing domain ofa tRNA synthetase comprises the amino acid sequence of a peptidesequence described herein.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for identifying acompound which binds to an editing domain of a tRNA synthetase, saidassay comprising: a) contacting said editing domain of a tRNA synthetasewith said compound under conditions suitable for binding of saidcompound with said editing domain of a tRNA synthetase; b) comparing abiological activity of said editing domain of a tRNA synthetasecontacting said compound to said biological activity when not contactingsaid compound; and c) identifying said compound as binding to saidediting domain of a tRNA synthetase if said biological activity of saidediting domain of a tRNA synthetase is reduced when contacting saidcompound. In an exemplary embodiment, the biological activity ishydrolysis of noncognate amino acid. In another exemplary embodiment,the hydrolysis of said noncognate amino acid is detected through the useof one or more labels. In another exemplary embodiment, the labelsinclude a radiolabel, a fluorescent marker, an antibody, or acombination thereof. In another exemplary embodiment, said labels can bedetected using spectroscopy. In another exemplary embodiment, saidediting domain of a tRNA synthetase is derived from leucyl tRNAsynthetase.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of generating a tRNAmolecule with a noncognate amino acid comprising: a) creating orisolating a mutated tRNA synthetase with altered amino acid editingdomains; and b) contacting a tRNA molecule with said mutated tRNAsynthetase and a noncognate amino acid. In another exemplary embodiment,the mutated tRNA synthetase contains one or more amino acid mutations inan editing domain. In another exemplary embodiment, the mutated tRNAsynthetase is unable to bind with a compound of the invention. Inanother exemplary embodiment, the mutated tRNA synthetase is unable tobind with a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof. In another exemplary embodiment, the mutated tRNAsynthetase is unable to bind with a compound according to a formuladescribed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another aspect, the invention provides a composition that comprisesone or more tRNA molecules attached to noncognate amino acids, whereinsaid tRNA molecules are synthesized using one or more mutated tRNAsynthetases isolated from a microorganism or a cell line derived from amicroorganism. In an exemplary embodiment, the microorganism is abacteria. In an exemplary embodiment, wherein said mutated tRNAsynthetases contain amino acid mutations in their editing domains.

V. Amino Acid and Nucleotide Sequences Used in Assays

Amino acid and nucleotide sequences of use in the invention arepublished in references described and incorporated by reference herein,such as U.S. Pat. No. 7,816,344 and U.S. Pat. Pubs. US20060234981,US20070155699 and US20070293457. The sequence for the codon optimized M.tuberculosis leuS gene is as follows:

(SEQ. ID. 1) CATATGACCGAAAGCCCGACCGCAGGTCCGGGTGGTGTGCCGCGTGCGGATGATGCAGATAGCGATGTGCCGCGTTATCGTTATACCGCGGAACTGGCGGCGCGTCTGGAACGTACCTGGCAGGAAAACTGGGCGCGTCTGGGCACCTTTAACGTGCCGAACCCGGTGGGTAGCCTGGCACCGCCGGATGGTGCAGCAGTGCCGGATGATAAACTGTTTGTGCAGGATATGTTTCCGTATCCGAGCGGCGAAGGCCTGCATGTGGGCCATCCGCTGGGCTATATTGCGACCGATGTGTATGCGCGTTATTTTCGTATGGTGGGCCGTAACGTGCTGCATGCGCTGGGCTTTGATGCGTTTGGTCTGCCGGCGGAACAGTATGCGGTGCAGACCGGCACCCATCCGCGTACCCGTACCGAAGCGAACGTGGTGAACTTTCGTCGTCAGCTGGGCCGTCTGGGCTTTGGCCATGATAGCCGTCGTAGCTTTAGCACCACCGATGTGGATTTTTATCGTTGGACCCAGTGGATTTTTCTGCAGATTTATAACGCGTGGTTTGATACCACCGCGAACAAAGCGCGTCCGATTAGCGAACTGGTGGCGGAATTTGAAAGCGGTGCACGTTGCCTGGATGGTGGTCGTGATTGGGCAAAACTGACCGCAGGTGAACGTGCGGATGTGATTGATGAATATCGTCTGGTGTATCGTGCGGATAGCCTGGTGAACTGGTGCCCGGGTCTGGGTACCGTGCTGGCAAACGAAGAAGTGACCGCAGATGGCCGTAGCGATCGTGGCAACTTTCCGGTGTTTCGTAAACGTCTGCGTCAGTGGATGATGCGTATTACCGCGTATGCGGATCGTCTGCTGGATGATCTGGATGTGCTGGATTGGCCGGAACAGGTGAAAACCATGCAGCGTAACTGGATTGGCCGTAGCACCGGCGCGGTGGCGCTGTTTAGCGCGCGTGCGGCGAGCGATGATGGCTTTGAAGTGGATATTGAAGTGTTTACCACCCGTCCGGATACCCTGTTTGGCGCGACCTATCTGGTGCTGGCGCCGGAACATGATCTGGTGGATGAACTGGTGGCGGCAAGCTGGCCGGCAGGTGTGAACCCGCTGTGGACCTATGGCGGTGGTACCCCGGGTGAAGCAATTGCAGCATATCGTCGTGCGATTGCGGCGAAAAGCGATCTGGAACGTCAGGAAAGCCGTGAAAAAACCGGCGTGTTTCTGGGCAGCTATGCGATTAACCCGGCGAACGGCGAACCGGTGCCGATTTTTATTGCGGATTATGTGCTGGCGGGCTATGGCACCGGCGCGATTATGGCGGTGCCGGGCCATGATCAGCGTGATTGGGATTTTGCGCGTGCGTTTGGCCTGCCGATTGTGGAAGTGATTGCAGGTGGAAACATTAGCGAAAGCGCGTATACCGGCGATGGCATTCTGGTGAACAGCGATTATCTGAACGGCATGAGCGTGCCGGCAGCAAAACGTGCAATTGTGGATCGTCTGGAAAGCGCAGGTCGTGGTCGTGCACGTATTGAATTTAAACTGCGTGATTGGCTGTTTGCGCGTCAGCGTTATTGGGGCGAACCGTTTCCGATTGTGTATGATAGCGATGGCCGTCCGCATGCGCTGGATGAAGCGGCGCTGCCGGTGGAACTGCCGGATGTGCCGGATTATAGCCCGGTGCTGTTTGATCCGGATGATGCGGATAGCGAACCGAGCCCGCCGCTGGCGAAAGCGACCGAATGGGTGCATGTGGATCTGGATCTGGGCGATGGCCTGAAACCGTATAGCCGTGATACCAACGTGATGCCGCAGTGGGCGGGCAGCAGCTGGTATGAACTGCGTTATACCGATCCGCATAACAGCGAACGTTTTTGCGCGAAAGAAAACGAAGCGTATTGGATGGGTCCGCGTCCGGCAGAACATGGTCCGGATGATCCGGGTGGTGTGGATCTGTATGTGGGCGGCGCGGAACATGCGGTGCTGCATCTGCTGTATAGCCGTTTTTGGCATAAAGTGCTGTATGATCTGGGCCATGTGAGCAGCCGTGAACCGTATCGTCGTCTGGTGAACCAGGGCTATATTCAGGCGTATGCGTATACCGATGCGCGTGGCAGCTATGTGCCGGCGGAACAAGTGATTGAACGTGGCGATCGTTTTGTGTATCCGGGCCCGGATGGCGAAGTGGAAGTGTTTCAGGAATTTGGCAAAATTGGCAAAAGCCTGAAAAACAGCGTGAGCCCGGATGAAATTTGCGATGCGTATGGCGCGGATACCCTGCGTGTGTATGAAATGAGCATGGGCCCGCTGGAAGCGAGCCGTCCGTGGGCGACCAAAGATGTGGTGGGCGCGTATCGTTTTCTGCAGCGTGTGTGGCGTCTGGTGGTGGATGAACATACCGGCGAAACCCGTGTGGCGGATGGCGTGGAACTGGATATTGATACCCTGCGTGCGCTGCATCGTACCATTGTGGGCGTGAGCGAAGATTTTGCGGCGCTGCGTAACAACACCGCGACCGCGAAACTGATTGAATATACCAACCATCTGACCAAAAAACATCGTGATGCAGTGCCGCGTGCGGCAGTGGAACCGCTGGTGCAGATGCTGGCACCGCTGGCACCGCATATTGCGGAAGAACTGTGGCTGCGTCTGGGCAACACCACCAGCCTGGCGCATGGCCCGTTTCCGAAAGCGGATGCGGCGTATCTGGTGGATGAAACCGTGGAATATCCGGTGCAGGTGAACGGCAAAGTGCGTGGTCGTGTGGTGGTGGCGGCGGATACCGATGAAGAAACCCTGAAAGCGGCGGTGCTGACCGATGAAAAAGTGCAGGCGTTTCTGGCGGGCGCGACCCCGCGTAAAGTGATTGTGGTGGCGGGCCGTCTGGTGAA CCTGGTGATTTAACTCGAG

VI. Methods

In another aspect, the compounds of the invention can be utilized toinhibit an enzyme. In another aspect, the compounds of the inventionand/or combinations of the invention exhibit potency againstmicroorganisms, such as bacteria, and therefore have the potential tokill and/or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. In another aspect, thecompounds of the invention and/or combinations of the invention exhibitpotency against microorganisms, such as bacteria, and therefore have thepotential to achieve therapeutic efficacy in the animals describedherein.

VI. a) LeuRS

In an exemplary embodiment, the compounds of the invention exhibit theability of inhibiting the editing domain of tRNA synthetases, such asleucyl tRNA synthetase, of microorganisms, such as bacteria, andtherefore have the potential to be used as editing domain inhibitors ofmicroorganism tRNA synthetases.

According to another aspect of the invention, a method for binding toand/or inhibiting the editing domain of a tRNA synthetase is providedwhich comprises contacting a tRNA synthetase with a compound of theinvention that inhibits the editing domain under conditions in which thetRNA synthetase interacts with its substrate to form an aminoacyladenylate intermediate and, preferably, to form a charged tRNA. Suchconditions are known to those skilled in the art. In an exemplaryembodiment, the compound has a structure according to a formuladescribed herein. In an exemplary embodiment, the compound is describedherein, or a salt, hydrate or solvate thereof, or a combination thereof.In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides a compound describedherein, or a salt, hydrate or solvate thereof. In an exemplaryembodiment, the invention provides a compound described herein, or asalt thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides acompound described herein, or a salt thereof. The tRNA synthetase iscontacted with an amount of compound of the invention sufficient toresult in a detectable amount of tRNA synthetase inhibition. This methodcan be performed on a tRNA synthetase that is contained within anorganism or which is outside an organism. In an exemplary embodiment,the method is performed on a tRNA synthetase that is contained within amicroorganism or a microbial cell that is in, or on the surface of, ananimal. In an exemplary embodiment, the animal is a human. The methodresults in a decrease in the amount of charged tRNA produced by the tRNAsynthetase that has an inhibited editing domain. In an exemplaryembodiment, the inhibition takes place in a cell, such as amicroorganism cell. In another exemplary embodiment, the microorganismcell is a bacteria. In another exemplary embodiment, the tRNA synthetaseis leucyl tRNA synthetase.

In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides a method ofinhibiting conversion of a tRNA molecule into a charged tRNA molecule.The method involves contacting a tRNA synthetase with a compound of theinvention effective to inhibit activity of an editing domain of saidtRNA synthetase, under conditions sufficient to inhibit said activity,thereby inhibiting said conversion. In an exemplary embodiment, thecompound of the invention is a compound described herein, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In an exemplary embodiment,the inhibition occurs within a cell, and the cell is a microorganismcell. In another exemplary embodiment, the microorganism cell is abacteria. In another exemplary embodiment, the microorganism cell is abacteria which is described herein. In another exemplary embodiment, theenzyme is a leucyl tRNA synthetase of a bacteria described herein. Inanother exemplary embodiment, the tRNA synthetase is leucyl tRNAsynthetase. In another exemplary embodiment, the compound has aK_(D, synthesis) of greater than 100 μM against a synthetic domain ofsaid tRNA synthetase.

In certain embodiments, the mechanism of action of a compound of theinvention is to inhibit the conversion of a tRNA molecule into a chargedtRNA molecule by binding to and/or inhibiting at least the editingdomain of the synthetase. The compounds of use in this method may alsoinhibit or otherwise interact with the synthetic domain (e.g., theactive site of the synthetic domain). In a presently preferredembodiment, the editing domain is inhibited selectively in the presenceof the synthetic domain. In a preferred embodiment, the synthetic domainis essentially uninhibited, while the editing domain is inhibited atleast 50%, preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, stillmore preferably, at least 80% and even still more preferably at least90% of the activity of the tRNA synthetase. In another preferredembodiment, the synthetic domain is inhibited by at most 50%, preferablyat most 30%, preferably at most 20%, 10%, preferably at most 8%, morepreferably at most 5%, still more preferably, at most 3% and even stillmore preferably at most 1%. Inhibition of the editing domain produces adecrease in the amount of the properly charged tRNA which results inretardation or cessation of cell growth and division.

In another exemplary embodiment, the ratio of a minimum concentration ofsaid compound inhibiting said editing domain to a minimum concentrationof said compound inhibiting said synthetic domain of said tRNAsynthetase, represented as K_(D, edit)/K_(D, synthesis), is less thanone. In another exemplary embodiment, the K_(D, edit)/K_(D, synthesis)of the compound is a member selected from less than 0.5, less than 0.1and less than 0.05.

VI. b) Inhibiting Microorganism Growth or Killing Microorganisms

The compounds of the invention and/or combinations of the inventionexhibit potency against microorganisms, such as bacteria, and thereforehave the potential to treat, and/or prevent a microorganism infection,or kill and/or inhibit the growth of microorganisms.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a method of treating and/orpreventing a microorganism infection, or a method of killing and/orinhibiting the growth of a microorganism, said method comprising:contacting said microorganism with an effective amount of a compound ofthe invention, thereby killing and/or inhibiting the growth of themicroorganism. In a further aspect, the invention provides a method oftreating and/or preventing a microorganism infection, or a method ofkilling and/or inhibiting the growth of a microorganism, said methodcomprising: contacting said microorganism with an effective amount of acombination of the invention, thereby killing and/or inhibiting thegrowth of the microorganism.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a method of treating abacterial infection comprising administering to an animal suffering fromthe infection an effective amount of a compound of the invention or acombination of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, thereby treating the bacterial infection. In an exemplaryembodiment, the invention provides a method of treating a bacterialinfection comprising administering to an animal suffering from theinfection an effective amount of a compound of the invention, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and an effective amount of anantibiotic, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, therebytreating the bacterial infection.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a method of preventing abacterial infection comprising administering to an animal a prophylacticamount of a compound of the invention or a combination of the invention,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, thereby treating thebacterial infection. In an exemplary embodiment, the invention providesa method of preventing a bacterial infection comprising administering toan animal a prophylactic amount of a compound of the invention, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In an exemplary embodiment, the microorganism is a bacteria. In anexemplary embodiment, the compound or combination is described herein,or a salt, prodrug, hydrate or solvate thereof, or a combinationthereof. In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides a compoundor combination described herein, or a salt, hydrate or solvate thereof.In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides a compound orcombination described herein, or a prodrug thereof. In an exemplaryembodiment, the invention provides a compound or combination describedherein, or a salt thereof. In another exemplary embodiment, the compoundor combination of the invention is a compound or combination describedherein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In anotherexemplary embodiment, the compound or compound of the combination isdescribed by a formula listed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, the compound is part of acombination described herein. In an exemplary embodiment, the compoundis part of a pharmaceutical formulation described herein. In anotherexemplary embodiment, the contacting occurs under conditions whichpermit entry of the compound into the organism. Such conditions areknown to one skilled in the art and are described herein.

In another aspect, the microorganism is inside, or on the surface of ananimal. In another exemplary embodiment, the animal is described herein.In another exemplary embodiment, the animal is a human.

In an exemplary embodiment, the microorganism infection is treatedand/or prevented, or the microorganism is killed or its growth isinhibited, through oral administration of the compound of the inventionand/or the combination of the invention. In an exemplary embodiment, themicroorganism infection is treated and/or prevented, or themicroorganism is killed or its growth is inhibited through intravenousadministration of the compound of the invention and/or the combinationof the invention.

In an exemplary embodiment, the microorganism is a bacterium. In anexemplary embodiment, an infection is caused by and/or associated with amicroorganism, particularly a bacterium. In an exemplary embodiment, thebacterium is a gram-positive bacteria. In another exemplary embodiment,the gram-positive bacterium is selected from the group consisting ofStaphylococcus species, Streptococcus species, Bacillus species,Mycobacterium species, Corynebacterium species (Propionibacteriumspecies), Clostridium species, Actinomyces species, Enterococcus speciesand Streptomyces species. In another exemplary embodiment, thegram-positive bacterium is selected from the group consisting ofPropionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcusepidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus,Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcuspneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Actinomycesisraelii, Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Clostridiumperfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani, and Clostridiumdifficile. In another exemplary embodiment, the gram-positive bacteriumis selected from the group consisting of Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcuspyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Clostridiumdifficile and Propionibacter acnes. In another exemplary embodiment, thebacterium is a gram-negative bacterium. In another exemplary embodiment,the gram-negative bacterium is selected from the group consisting ofAcinetobacter species, Neisseria species, Pseudomonas species, Brucellaspecies, Agrobacterium species, Bordetella species, Escherichia species,Shigelia species, Yersinia species, Salmonella species, Klebsiellaspecies, Enterobacter species, Haemophilus species, Pasteurella species,Streptobacillus species, Spirochetal species, Campylobacter species,Vibrio species, Helicobacter species, Bacteroides species, Citrobacterspecies, Proteus species, Providencia species, Serratia species,Stenotrophomonas species and Burkholderia species. In another exemplaryembodiment, the gram-negative bacterium is selected from the groupconsisting of Acinetobacter species, Pseudomonas species, Escherichiaspecies, Klebsiella species, Enterobacter species, Bacteroides species,Citrobacter species, Proteus species, Providencia species, Serratiaspecies, Stenotrophomonas species and Burkholderia species. In anotherexemplary embodiment, the gram-negative bacterium is selected from thegroup consisting of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella pneumophila, Escherichia coli,Yersinia pestis, Haemophilus influenzae, Helicobacter pylori,Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrioparahemolyticus, Trepomena pallidum, Rickettsia prowazekii, Rickettsiarickettsii, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia psittaci, Brucella abortus,Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Francisella tularensis, Klebsiellapneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Bacteroidesfragilis, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus mirabilis, Providencia stuartii,Serratia marcescens, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Burkholderiacepacia. In another exemplary embodiment, the gram-negative bacterium isselected from the group consisting of Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae,Enterobacter cloacae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Bacteroides fragilis,Citrobacter freundii, Proteus mirabilis, Providencia stuartii, Serratiamarcescens, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Burkholderia cepacia. Inanother exemplary embodiment, the gram-negative bacterium is selectedfrom the group consisting of Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobactercloacae, Enterobacter sakazakii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiellapneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia marcescens and Citrobacterfreundii. In another exemplary embodiment, the gram-negative bacteriumis a Providencia spp.

In an exemplary embodiment, the microorganism is an acid-fact bacteria.In another exemplary embodiment, the bacterium is a Mycobacterium spp.In another exemplary embodiment, the bacterium is Mycobacterium avium.In another exemplary embodiment, the bacterium is Mycobacteriumavium-intracellulare. In another exemplary embodiment, the bacterium isMycobacterium kansasii. In another exemplary embodiment, the bacteriumis Mycobacterium leprae. In another exemplary embodiment, the bacteriumis Mycobacterium lepromatosis. In another exemplary embodiment, thebacterium is Mycobacterium africanum. In another exemplary embodiment,the bacterium is Mycobacterium canetti. In another exemplary embodiment,the bacterium is Mycobacterium microti. In another exemplary embodiment,the bacterium is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In another exemplaryembodiment, the bacterium is Mycobacterium tuberculosis which ismulti-drug resistant. In another exemplary embodiment, the bacterium isMycobacterium tuberculosis which is extensively drug resistant. Inanother exemplary embodiment, the bacterium is Mycobacteriumtuberculosis which is resistant to rifampicin. In another exemplaryembodiment, the bacterium is Mycobacterium tuberculosis which isresistant to isoniazid. In another exemplary embodiment, the bacteriumis Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is resistant to kanamycin. Inanother exemplary embodiment, the bacterium is Mycobacteriumtuberculosis which is resistant to capreomycin. In another exemplaryembodiment, the bacterium is Mycobacterium tuberculosis which isresistant to amikacin.

In another exemplary embodiment, the bacterium is a Pseudomonas species.In another exemplary embodiment, the bacterium is Pseudomonasaeruginosa. In another exemplary embodiment, the bacterium is selectedfrom the group consisting of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacterbaumannii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Burkholderia cepacia. Inanother exemplary embodiment, the bacterium is Acinetobacter baumannii.In another exemplary embodiment, the bacterium is Stenotrophomonasmaltophilia. In another exemplary embodiment, the bacterium isBurkholderia cepacia. In another exemplary embodiment, the bacterium isAcinetobacter species. In another exemplary embodiment, the bacterium isAcinetobacter anitratus. In another exemplary embodiment, the bacteriumis selected from the group consisting of Enterobacter aerogenes,Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter sakazakii, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P.mirabilis, Serratia marcescens, Citrobacter freundii and Providenciaspp. In another exemplary embodiment, the bacterium is selected from thegroup consisting of Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae,Enterobacter sakazakii, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, Serratiamarcescens, Citrobacter freundii, Providencia spp., S. aureus, S.pneumonia, S. pyogenes, E. faecalis, and E. faecium. In anotherexemplary embodiment, the bacterium is selected from the groupconsisting of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii,Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Burkholderia cepacia. In another exemplaryembodiment, the bacterium is selected from the group consisting of S.aureus, S. pneumonia, S. pyogenes, E. faecalis, and E. faecium. Inanother exemplary embodiment, the bacterium is selected from the groupconsisting of Viridans group Strep. In another exemplary embodiment, thebacterium is selected from the group consisting of Strep. mitis, Strep.mutans, Strep. oxalis, Strep. sanguis, Strep. sobrinus and Strep.millari. In another exemplary embodiment, the bacterium is S. pneumonia.In another exemplary embodiment, the bacterium is H. influenzae. Inanother exemplary embodiment, the bacterium is S. aureus. In anotherexemplary embodiment, the bacterium is M. catarrhalis. In anotherexemplary embodiment, the bacterium is M. pneumoniae. In anotherexemplary embodiment, the bacterium is L. pneumoniae. In anotherexemplary embodiment, the bacterium is C. pneumoniae. In anotherexemplary embodiment, the bacterium is S. pyogenes. In another exemplaryembodiment, the bacterium is an anaerobe. In another exemplaryembodiment, the bacterium is an Alcaligenes species. In anotherexemplary embodiment, the bacterium is a B. cepacia. In anotherexemplary embodiment, the bacterium is selected from the groupconsisting of Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiellapneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Providencia stuartii, Serratiamarcescens, and Citrobacter freundii. In another exemplary embodiment,the bacterium is resistant to methicillin. In another exemplaryembodiment, the bacterium is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus. In another exemplary embodiment, the bacterium is selected fromthe group consisting of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilusinfluenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium catarrhalis,Mycobacterium pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila and Chlamydiapneumoniae. In another exemplary embodiment, the bacterium is selectedfrom the group consisting of Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia marcescens,Citrobacter freundii, Providencia stuartii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Acinetobacter baumannii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Burkholderiacepacia, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcuspyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterococcus faecium. In anotherexemplary embodiment, the bacterium is selected from the groupconsisting of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis,Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcusagalactiae and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

In an exemplary embodiment, the microorganism is a bacterium, which isselected from the group consisting of bacilli, including Bacillusspecies, Corynebacterium species (also Propionibacterium) andClostridium species; filamentous bacteria, including Actinomyces speciesand Streptomyces species; bacilli, such as Pseudomonas species, Brucellaspecies, Agrobacterium species, Bordetella species, Escherichia species,Shigella species, Yersinia species, Salmonella species, Klebsiellaspecies, Enterobacter species, Haemophilus species, Pasteurella species,and Streptobacillus species; Spirochetal species, Campylobacter species,Vibrio species; and intracellular bacteria including Rickettsiae speciesand Chlamydia species.

VI. b) Microorganism Infection

The compounds of the invention and/or combinations of the inventionexhibit potency against microorganisms, such as bacteria, and thereforehave the potential to be used to treat and/or prevent a microorganisminfection, such as a bacterial infection.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a method of treating abacterial infection comprising administering to an animal suffering fromthe infection an effective amount of a compound of the invention, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, thereby treating the bacterialinfection. In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides a methodof treating a bacterial infection comprising administering to an animalsuffering from the infection an effective amount of a compound of theinvention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and aneffective amount of an antibiotic, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, thereby treating the bacterial infection.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a method of preventing abacterial infection comprising administering to an animal a prophylacticamount of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, thereby treating the bacterial infection. In an exemplaryembodiment, the invention provides a method of preventing a bacterialinfection comprising administering to an animal a prophylactic amount ofa compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, and an effective amount of an antibiotic, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, thereby treating the bacterial infection.

VI. c) Diseases

The compounds of the invention and/or combinations of the inventionexhibit potency against microorganisms, such as bacteria, and thereforehave the potential to achieve therapeutic efficacy in the animalsdescribed herein.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of treating and/orpreventing a disease. In an exemplary embodiment, the method includesadministering to the animal a therapeutically effective amount of acompound of the invention, thereby treating and/or preventing thedisease. In an exemplary embodiment, the method includes administeringto the animal a therapeutically effective amount of a combination of theinvention, thereby treating and/or preventing the disease. In anexemplary embodiment, the compound of the invention or the combinationof the invention can be used in human or veterinary medical therapy,particularly in the treatment or prophylaxis of bacterial-associateddisease. In an exemplary embodiment, the compound is described herein,or a salt, prodrug, hydrate or solvate thereof, or a combinationthereof. In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides a compounddescribed herein, or a prodrug thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, theinvention provides a compound described herein, or a salt, hydrate orsolvate thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides acompound described herein, or a salt thereof. In another exemplaryembodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound describedherein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In an exemplaryembodiment, the compound is a compound described herein, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In an exemplary embodiment,the compound is according to a formula described herein, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In an exemplary embodiment,the compound is part of a combination described herein. In an exemplaryembodiment, the compound is part of a pharmaceutical formulationdescribed herein. In another exemplary embodiment, the disease is asystemic disease. In another exemplary embodiment, the disease is atopical disease. In an exemplary embodiment, the animal beingadministered the compound is not otherwise in need of treatment with thecompound.

In an exemplary embodiment, the disease is treated through oraladministration of a compound of the invention and/or a combination ofthe invention. In an exemplary embodiment, the disease is treatedthrough intravenous administration of a compound of the invention and/ora combination of the invention. In an exemplary embodiment, the diseaseis treated through subcutaneous administration of a compound of theinvention and/or a combination of the invention.

Systemic Diseases

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of treating asystemic disease. The method involves contacting an animal with acompound of the invention and/or a combination of the invention.

In another exemplary embodiment, the disease is associated with abacteria described herein. In another exemplary embodiment, the diseaseis associated with infection by a Gram-positive bacteria. In anexemplary embodiment, the disease is associated with a Staphylococcusspecies. In another exemplary embodiment, the disease is selected fromthe group consisting of pneumonia, gastroenteritis, toxic shocksyndrome, community acquired pneumonia (CAP), meningitis, septicarthritis, urinary tract infection, bacteremia, endocarditis,osteomylitis, skin and skin-structure infection. In an exemplaryembodiment, the disease is associated with a Streptococcus species. Inanother exemplary embodiment, the disease is selected from the groupconsisting of strep throat, skin infections, necrotizing fasciitis,toxic shock syndrome, pneumonia, otitis media and sinusitis. In anexemplary embodiment, the disease is associated with an Actinomycesspecies. In another exemplary embodiment, the disease is actinomycosis.In an exemplary embodiment, the disease is associated with a Norcardiaspecies. In another exemplary embodiment, the disease is pneumonia. Inan exemplary embodiment, the disease is associated with aCorynebacterium species. In another exemplary embodiment, the disease isdiphtheria. In an exemplary embodiment, the disease is associated with aListeria species. In another exemplary embodiment, the disease ismeningitis. In an exemplary embodiment, the disease is associated with aBacillus species. In another exemplary embodiment, the disease isanthrax or food poisoning. In an exemplary embodiment, the disease isassociated with a Clostridium species. In another exemplary embodiment,the disease is selected from the group consisting of botulism, tetanus,gas gangrene and diarrhea.

In an exemplary embodiment, the disease is associated with aMycobacterium species. In an exemplary embodiment, the disease isassociated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In an exemplary embodiment,the disease is associated with Mycobacterium kansasii. In an exemplaryembodiment, the disease is associated with Mycobacteriumavium-intracellulare. In another exemplary embodiment, the disease isleprosy. In another exemplary embodiment, the disease is tuberculosis.In another exemplary embodiment, the disease is pulmonary tuberculosis.In another exemplary embodiment, the disease is extrapulmonarytuberculosis. In another exemplary embodiment, the disease is associatedwith multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. In another exemplary embodiment,the disease is associated with extensively drug resistant tuberculosis.

In another exemplary embodiment, the disease is associated withinfection by a Gram-negative bacteria. In an exemplary embodiment, thedisease is associated with a Neisseria species. In another exemplaryembodiment, the disease is selected from the group consisting ofmeningitis, gonorrhea, otitis extema and folliculitis. In an exemplaryembodiment, the disease is associated with an Escherichia species. Inanother exemplary embodiment, the disease is selected from the groupconsisting of diarrhea, urinary tract infections, meningitis, sepsis andHAP. In an exemplary embodiment, the disease is associated with aShigella species. In another exemplary embodiment, the disease isselected from the group consisting of diarrhea, bacteremia,endocarditis, meningitis and gastroenteritis. In an exemplaryembodiment, the disease is associated with a Salmonella species. Inanother exemplary embodiment, the disease is selected from the groupconsisting of Typhoid fever, sepsis, gastroenteritis, endocarditis,sinusitis and meningitis. In an exemplary embodiment, the disease isassociated with a Yersinia species. In another exemplary embodiment, thedisease is selected from the group consisting of Typhoid fever, bubonicplague, enteric fever and gastroenteritis. In an exemplary embodiment,the disease is associated with a Klebsiella species. In anotherexemplary embodiment, the disease is sepsis or urinary tract infection.In an exemplary embodiment, the disease is associated with a Proteusspecies. In another exemplary embodiment, the disease is an urinarytract infection. In an exemplary embodiment, the disease is associatedwith an Enterobacter species. In another exemplary embodiment, thedisease is a hospital-acquired infection. In an exemplary embodiment,the disease is associated with a Serratia species. In another exemplaryembodiment, the disease is selected from the group consisting of aurinary tract infection, skin and skin-structure infection andpneumonia. In an exemplary embodiment, the disease is associated with aVibrio species. In another exemplary embodiment, the disease is choleraor gastroenteritis. In an exemplary embodiment, the disease isassociated with a Campylobacter species. In another exemplaryembodiment, the disease is gastroenteritis. In an exemplary embodiment,the disease is associated with a Helicobacter species. In anotherexemplary embodiment, the disease is chronic gastritis. In an exemplaryembodiment, the disease is associated with a Pseudomonas species. Inanother exemplary embodiment, the disease is selected from the groupconsisting of pneumonia, osteomylitis, burn-wound infections, sepsis,UTIs, endocarditis, otitis and corneal infections. In an exemplaryembodiment, the disease is associated with a Bacteroides species. Inanother exemplary embodiment, the disease is periodontal disease oraspiration pneumonia. In an exemplary embodiment, the disease isassociated with a Haemophilus species. In another exemplary embodiment,the disease is selected from the group consisting of meningitis,epiglottis, septic arthritis, sepsis, chancroid and vaginitis. In anexemplary embodiment, the disease is associated with a Bordetellaspecies. In another exemplary embodiment, the disease is Whooping cough.In an exemplary embodiment, the disease is associated with a Legionellaspecies. In another exemplary embodiment, the disease is pneumonia orpontiac fever. In an exemplary embodiment, the disease is associatedwith a Francisella species. In another exemplary embodiment, the diseaseis tularemia. In an exemplary embodiment, the disease is associated witha Brucella species. In another exemplary embodiment, the disease isbrucellosis. In an exemplary embodiment, the disease is associated witha Pasteurella species. In another exemplary embodiment, the disease is askin infection. In an exemplary embodiment, the disease is associatedwith a Gardnerella species. In another exemplary embodiment, the diseaseis vaginitis. In an exemplary embodiment, the disease is associated witha Spirochetes species. In another exemplary embodiment, the disease issyphilis or Lyme disease. In an exemplary embodiment, the disease isassociated with a Chlamydia species. In another exemplary embodiment,the disease is chlamydia. In an exemplary embodiment, the disease isassociated with a Rickettsiae species. In another exemplary embodiment,the disease is Rocky Mountain spotted fever or typhus.

In an exemplary embodiment, the disease is associated with Mycoplasmapneumoniae. In another exemplary embodiment, the disease istracheobronchitis or walking pneumonia. In an exemplary embodiment, thedisease is associated with Ureaplasma urealyticum. In another exemplaryembodiment, the disease is urethritis. In another exemplary embodiment,the disease is pyelonephritis. In another exemplary embodiment, thedisease is an intra-abdominal infection. In another exemplaryembodiment, the disease is febrile neutropenia. In another exemplaryembodiment, the disease is a pelvic infection. In another exemplaryembodiment, the disease is bacteraemia. In another exemplary embodiment,the disease is septicaemia.

In an exemplary embodiment, the disease is an acute exacerbation ofchronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In an exemplary embodiment, thedisease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In an exemplaryembodiment, the disease is pharyngitis. In an exemplary embodiment, thedisease is tonsillitis. In an exemplary embodiment, the disease is AcuteExacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis (AECB). In an exemplary embodiment,the disease is cervicitis. In an exemplary embodiment, the disease isgenital ulcer disease.

In an exemplary embodiment, for any of the methods described herein, theanimal is selected from the group consisting of human, cattle, deer,reindeer, goat, honey bee, pig, sheep, horse, cow, bull, dog, guineapig, gerbil, rabbit, cat, camel, yak, elephant, ostrich, otter, chicken,duck, goose, guinea fowl, pigeon, swan, and turkey. In another exemplaryembodiment, for any of the methods described herein, the animal isselected from the group consisting of a human, cattle, goat, pig, sheep,horse, cow, bull, dog, guinea pig, gerbil, rabbit, cat, chicken andturkey. In another exemplary embodiment, for any of the methodsdescribed herein, the animal is a human.

In an exemplary embodiment, for any of the methods described herein, acompound of the invention, a combination of the invention, a compounddescribed herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, orcombination described herein, and/or a pharmaceutical formulationdescribed herein can be used.

VII. Pharmaceutical Formulation

In another aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical formulationcomprising: a) a compound of the invention; and b) a pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient. In another aspect, the invention provides apharmaceutical formulation comprising: a) a combination of theinvention; and b) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In anexemplary embodiment, the compound is according to a formula describedherein. In an exemplary embodiment, the compound is according to anexample described herein. In an exemplary embodiment, the compound ofthe invention or combination of the invention is a compound describedherein or combination described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, the compound of the inventionis a compound described herein.

In an exemplary embodiment, the compound of the invention is present inthe pharmaceutical formulation in an amount of between about 0.0001% toabout 60% (w/w). In an exemplary embodiment, the amount is between about0.01% to about 10% (w/w). In an exemplary embodiment, the amount isbetween about 0.1% to about 10% (w/w). In an exemplary embodiment, theamount is between about 0.25% to about 6% (w/w). In an exemplaryembodiment, the amount is between about 0.5% to about 5% (w/w). In anexemplary embodiment, the amount is between about 0.1% and about 1.0%(w/w). In an exemplary embodiment, the amount is between about 1.0% andabout 2.0% (w/w). In an exemplary embodiment, the amount is betweenabout 2.0% and about 3.0% (w/w). In an exemplary embodiment, the amountis between about 3.0% and about 4.0% (w/w). In an exemplary embodiment,the amount is between about 4.0% and about 5.0% (w/w).

The pharmaceutical formulations of the invention can take a variety offorms adapted to the chosen route of administration. Those skilled inthe art will recognize various synthetic methodologies that may beemployed to prepare non-toxic pharmaceutical formulations incorporatingthe compounds described herein. Those skilled in the art will recognizea wide variety of non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable solvents thatmay be used to prepare solvates of the compounds of the invention, suchas water, ethanol, propylene glycol, mineral oil, vegetable oil anddimethylsulfoxide (DMSO).

The compositions of the invention may be administered orally, topically,parenterally, by inhalation or spray or rectally in dosage unitformulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles. It is further understoodthat the best method of administration may be a combination of methods.Oral administration in the form of a pill, capsule, elixir, syrup,lozenge, troche, or the like is particularly preferred. The termparenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous injections, intradermal,intravascular (e.g., intravenous), intramuscular, spinal, intrathecalinjection or like injection or infusion techniques.

The pharmaceutical formulations containing compounds of the inventionare preferably in a form suitable for oral use, for example, as tablets,troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders orgranules, emulsion, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs.

Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to anymethod known in the art for the manufacture of pharmaceuticalformulations, and such compositions may contain one or more agentsselected from the group consisting of sweetening agents, flavoringagents, coloring agents and preserving agents in order to providepharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations. Tablets may containthe active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipients that are suitable for the manufacture of tablets.These excipients may be for example, inert diluents, such as calciumcarbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodiumphosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, cornstarch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example starch, gelatin oracacia; lubricating agents, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acidor talc; and extenders and bulking agents, such as microcrystallinecellulose. The tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by knowntechniques to delay disintegration and absorption in thegastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over alonger period. For example, a time delay material such as glycerylmonostearate or glyceryl distearate may be employed.

Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsuleswherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, forexample, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as softgelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or anoil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.

Aqueous suspensions contain the active materials in admixture withexcipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. Suchexcipients are suspending agents, for example sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose,sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia;and dispersing or wetting agents, which may be a naturally-occurringphosphatide, for example, lecithin, or condensation products of analkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate,or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphaticalcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensationproducts of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acidsand a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, orcondensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived fromfatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitanmonooleate. The aqueous suspensions may also contain one or morepreservatives, for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, one ormore coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or moresweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin.

Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredientsin a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil orcoconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oilysuspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hardparaffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents such as those set forthabove, and flavoring agents may be added to provide palatable oralpreparations. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of ananti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.

Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueoussuspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient inadmixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and oneor more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents andsuspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above.Other dispersing agents include hydrophilic polymers, electrolytes,Tween™ 60 or 80, PEG, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP; commercially known asPlasdone™), and the carbohydrate-based dispersing agents such as, forexample, hydroxypropylcellulose and hydroxypropylcellulose ethers (e.g.,HPC, HPC-SL, and HPC-L), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose andhydroxypropylmethylcellulose ethers (e.g. HPMC K100, HPMC K4M, HPMCK15M, and HPMC K100M), carboxymethylcellulose sodium, methylcellulose,hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate,hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate stearate, noncrystalline cellulose,magnesium aluminum silicate, triethanolamine, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA),polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymer (Plasdone™, e.g., S-630),4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenol polymer with ethylene oxide andformaldehyde (also known as tyloxapol), poloxamers (e.g., PluronicsF68™, F88™, and F108™, which are block copolymers of ethylene oxide andpropylene oxide); and poloxamines (e.g., Tetronic 9080, also known asPoloxamine 9080, which is a tetrafunctional block copolymer derived fromsequential addition of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide toethylenediamine (BASF Corporation, Parsippany, N.J.)). Additionalexcipients, for example sweetening, flavoring and coloring agents, mayalso be present.

Pharmaceutical formulations of the invention may also be in the form ofoil-in-water emulsions and water-in-oil emulsions. The oily phase may bea vegetable oil, for example olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil,for example liquid paraffin or mixtures of these. Suitable emulsifyingagents may be naturally-occurring gums, for example gum acacia or gumtragacanth; naturally-occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean,lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids andhexitol; anhydrides, for example sorbitan monooleate; and condensationproducts of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for examplepolyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsions may also containsweetening and flavoring agents.

Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, for exampleglycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations mayalso contain a demulcent, a preservative, and flavoring and coloringagents. The pharmaceutical formulations may be in the form of a sterileinjectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension may beformulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing orwetting agents and suspending agents, which have been mentioned above.The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectablesolution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent orsolvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among theacceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water,Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition,sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent orsuspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil may be employedincluding synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids suchas oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.

The composition of the invention may also be administered in the form ofsuppositories, e.g., for rectal administration of the drug. Thesecompositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitablenon-irritating excipient that is solid at ordinary temperatures butliquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectumto release the drug. Such materials are cocoa butter and polyethyleneglycols.

Alternatively, the compositions can be administered parenterally in asterile medium. The drug, depending on the vehicle and concentrationused, can either be suspended or dissolved in the vehicle.Advantageously, adjuvants such as local anesthetics, preservatives andbuffering agents can be dissolved in the vehicle.

For administration to non-human animals, the composition containing thetherapeutic compound may be added to the animal's feed or drinkingwater. Also, it will be convenient to formulate animal feed and drinkingwater products so that the animal takes in an appropriate quantity ofthe compound in its diet. It will further be convenient to present thecompound in a composition as a premix for addition to the feed ordrinking water. The composition can also added as a food or drinksupplement for humans.

Dosage levels of the order of from about 5 mg to about 250 mg perkilogram of body weight per day and more preferably from about 25 mg toabout 150 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, are useful in thetreatment of the above-indicated conditions. The amount of activeingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce asingle dosage form will vary depending upon the condition being treatedand the particular mode of administration. Dosage unit forms willgenerally contain between from about 1 mg to about 500 mg of an activeingredient.

Frequency of dosage may also vary depending on the compound used and theparticular disease treated. However, for treatment of most disorders, adosage regimen of 4 times daily or less is preferred. It will beunderstood, however, that the specific dose level for any particularpatient will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity ofthe specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health,sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration and rate ofexcretion, drug combination and the severity of the particular diseaseundergoing therapy.

Preferred compounds of the invention will have desirable pharmacologicalproperties that include, but are not limited to, oral bioavailability,low toxicity, low serum protein binding and desirable in vitro and invivo half-lives. Penetration of the blood brain barrier for compoundsused to treat CNS disorders is necessary, while low brain levels ofcompounds used to treat peripheral disorders are often preferred.

The amount of the composition required for use in treatment will varynot only with the particular compound selected but also with the routeof administration, the nature of the condition being treated and the ageand condition of the patient and will ultimately be at the discretion ofthe attendant physician or clinician.

In an exemplary embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition describedherein includes an additional active ingredient. In another exemplaryembodiment, the additional active ingredient is a compound that has beenapproved for human use by the United States Food and DrugAdministration. In another exemplary embodiment, the additional activeingredient is an immunosuppressive agent. In still another exemplaryembodiment, the additional active ingredient is selected from the groupconsisting of corticosteroids, aminosalicylates, azathioprine(6-mercaptopurine), methotrexate and cyclosporine, etanercept,infliximab, adalimumab, alefacept, efalizumab and anakinra.

In still another exemplary embodiment, the additional active ingredientis selected from the group consisting of betamethasone, tacrolimus andpimecrolimus. In still another exemplary embodiment, the additionalactive ingredient is selected from the group consisting of an activatedvitamin D analog and an arotinoid (an aromatic retinoic acid analog). Instill another exemplary embodiment, the additional active ingredient iscarcipotriol, such as Tazorac (tazarotene).

VII. a) Topical Formulations

In a preferred embodiment, the methods of the invention can be employedthrough the topical application of the compounds described herein.Topical administration includes for example, transmucosal, transdermal,ungual and transungual routes of administration. The topicalcompositions useful in the subject invention can be made into a widevariety of product types. These include, but are not limited to,lotions, creams, gels, sticks, sprays, ointments, pastes, foams,mousses, masks, eye ointments, eye or ear drops, impregnated dressings,wipes, cleansers including soaps, body washes and shampoos, and make-upproducts, such as bases, blushes, lipsticks, and eye shadows, amongothers. These product types can comprise several types of carriersystems including, but not limited to particles, nanoparticles, andliposomes. If desired, disintegrating agents can be added, such as thecross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar or alginic acid or a saltthereof such as sodium alginate. Techniques for formulation andadministration can be found in Remington: The Science and Practice ofPharmacy, supra. The formulation can be selected to maximize delivery toa desired target site in the body. The formulations can also includevarious conventional colorants, fragrances, thickeners, preservatives,humectants, emollients, demulcents, solubilizing excipients,dispersants, penetration enhancers, plasticizing agents, preservatives,stabilizers, demulsifiers, wetting agents, sunscreens, emulsifiers,moisturizers, astringents, deodorants, and the like, which can be addedto provide additional benefits such as, for example, improving the feeland/or appearance of the topical preparation.

Lotions, which are preparations that are to be applied to the skin,nail, hair, claw or hoof surface without friction, are typically liquidor semi-liquid preparations in which finely divided solid, waxy, orliquid are dispersed. Lotions will typically contain suspending agentsto produce better dispersions as well as compounds useful for localizingand holding the active agent in contact with the skin, nail, hair, clawor hoof, e.g., methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethyl-cellulose, or thelike.

Creams containing the active agent for delivery according to theinvention are viscous liquid or semisolid emulsions, either oil-in-wateror water-in-oil. Cream bases are water-washable, and contain an oilphase, an emulsifier and an aqueous phase. The oil phase is generallycomprised of petrolatum or a fatty alcohol, such as cetyl- or stearylalcohol; the aqueous phase usually, although not necessarily, exceedsthe oil phase in volume, and generally contains a humectant. Theemulsifier in a cream formulation, as explained in Remington: TheScience and Practice of Pharmacy, supra, is generally a nonionic,anionic, cationic or amphoteric surfactant.

Ointments, which are semisolid preparations, are typically based onpetrolatum or other petroleum derivatives. As will be appreciated by theordinarily skilled artisan, the specific ointment base to be used is onethat provides for optimum delivery for the active agent chosen for agiven formulation, and, preferably, provides for other desiredcharacteristics as well, e.g., emolliency or the like. As with othercarriers or vehicles, an ointment base should be inert, stable,nonirritating and non-sensitizing. As explained in Remington: TheScience and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th Ed. (Easton, Pa.: Mack PublishingCo., 1995), at pages 1399-1404, ointment bases may be grouped in fourclasses: oleaginous bases; emulsifiable bases; emulsion bases; andwater-soluble bases. Oleaginous ointment bases include, for example,vegetable oils, fats obtained from animals, and semisolid hydrocarbonsobtained from petroleum. Preferred water-soluble ointment bases areprepared from polyethylene glycols of varying molecular weight; again,reference may be had to Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy,supra, for further information.

Useful formulations of the invention also encompass sprays and aerosols.Sprays generally provide the active agent in an aqueous and/or alcoholicsolution which can be misted onto the skin, nail, hair, claw or hoof fordelivery. Such sprays include those formulated to provide forconcentration of the active agent solution at the site of administrationfollowing delivery, e.g., the spray solution can be primarily composedof alcohol or other like volatile liquid in which the drug or activeagent can be dissolved. Upon delivery to the skin, nail, hair, claw orhoof, the carrier evaporates, leaving concentrated active agent at thesite of administration. Examples of aerosol technology are disclosed inU.S. Pat. Nos. 6,682,716; 6,716,415; 6,716,417; 6,783,753; 7,029,658;and 7,033,575.

Examples of solubilizing excipients include polyethoxylated fatty acids,PEG-fatty acid diesters, PEG-fatty acid mono-ester and di-estermixtures, polyethylene glycol glycerol fatty acid esters, alcohol-oiltransesterification products, polyglycerized fatty acids, propyleneglycol fatty acid esters, mixtures of propylene glycol esters-glycerolesters, mono- and diglycerides, sterol and sterol derivatives,polyethylene glycol sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyethylene glycolalkyl ethers, sugar esters, polyethylene glycol alkyl phenols,polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymers, sorbitan fatty acidesters, lower alcohol fatty acid esters, ionic surfactants, tocopherolesters, and sterol esters.

Exemplary embodiments are summarized herein below.

In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides a compound having astructure according to a formula which is:

wherein R³ is substituted or unsubstituted nitroalkyl or substituted orunsubstituted aminoalkyl; R⁴ is selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted alkoxy, and unsubstitutedphenyl; Y is O or S; and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting ofsubstituted or unsubstituted alkyl and substituted or unsubstitutedheteroalkyl; or a salt, hydrate or solvate thereof.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to the above paragraph, having astructure which is

wherein C* is a carbon atom stereocenter which has a configuration whichis (R) or (S).

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs,wherein C* stereocenter is in a (S) configuration.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs,wherein R³ is —(CR²⁰R²¹)_(n)NR²²R²³ in which n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9, or 10; each R²⁰ and each R²¹ is independently selected from thegroup consisting of H, R²⁶, OR²⁶, NR²⁶R²⁷, SR²⁶, —S(O)R²⁶, —S(O)₂R²⁶,—S(O)₂NR²⁶R²⁷, —C(O)R²⁷, —C(O)OR²⁷, and —C(O)NR²⁶R²⁷

R²² and R²³ are independently selected from the group consisting of H,—S(O)R²⁸, —S(O)₂R²⁸, —S(O)₂NR²⁸R²⁹, —C(O)R²⁸, —C(O)OR²⁸, —C(O)NR²⁸R²⁹,substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, andsubstituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; wherein each R²⁶, each R²⁷,each R²⁸ and each R²⁹ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs, R³is —CH₂NH₂.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs, R³is —CH₂NH₂, and C* has a configuration which is (S).

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs, R⁴is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and sec-butyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs, R⁴is selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine,and iodine.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs, R⁴is fluorine.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs, R⁴is chlorine.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs, R⁴is bromine.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs, R⁵is:

wherein a is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; each R¹⁰ and each R¹¹ isindependently selected from the group consisting of H, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, OH and NH₂;

R¹² is selected from the group consisting of H, R⁷, halogen, cyano,amidino, OR⁷, NR⁷R⁸, SR⁷, —N(R⁷)S(O)₂R⁸, —C(O)R⁷, —C(O)OR⁷, —C(O)NR⁷R⁸wherein each R⁷ and each R⁸ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs, ais 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs, ais 2, 3, or 4.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs,each R¹⁰ and each R¹¹ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, OH, and NH₂.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs,each R¹⁰ and each R¹¹ is H.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs,R¹² is selected from the group consisting of H, OH, NH₂, methyl, ethyl,—NHS(O)₂CH₃, cyano, —NHC(O)CH₃, —NHC(O)NHCH₂CH₃, —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)OH,4-(methoxy)phenyl, benzyl, benzoxy, —NHC(O)OCH₂Ph, —C(O)NHCH₂CH₂OH and—C(NH₂)(NH).

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs, Yis O.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs, R⁵is unsubstituted alkyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs, R⁵is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, and sec-butyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs, R³is —CH₂NH₂; and Y is O; and R⁵ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs, R³is —CH₂NH₂; and R⁴ is halogen.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs, R⁴is halogen; Y is O; and R⁵ is unsubstituted alkyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs, R³is —CH₂NH₂, and C* has a configuration which is (S) and R⁴ is halogen.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs, R³is —CH₂NH₂, and C* has a configuration which is (S), R⁵ is unsubstitutedalkyl and R⁴ is halogen.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs, Yis O, R³ is —CH₂NH₂, and C* has a configuration which is (S), R⁵ isunsubstituted C₁ or C₂ or C₃ or C₄ alkyl and R⁴ is halogen.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs, R³is —CH₂NH₂; R⁴ is chlorine; Y is O; and R⁵ is substituted orunsubstituted alkyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs, R³is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is ethyl.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs,the compound has a structure which is

In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides a compositioncomprising: (a) a) a first stereoisomer of the compound according to anyof the above paragraphs; b) at least one additional stereoisomer of thefirst stereoisomer; wherein the first stereoisomer is present in anenantiomeric excess of at least 80% relative to said at least oneadditional stereoisomer.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs,wherein said enantiomeric excess is at least 92%.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs,wherein the C* stereocenter of the first stereoisomer is in a (S)configuration.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs,wherein R³ is —CH₂NH₂.

In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides a compositionaccording to any of the above paragraphs, wherein the C* stereocenter isin a (S) configuration, and said composition is substantially free ofthe (R) enantiomer of the compound.

In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides a combinationcomprising the compound according to any of the above paragraphs, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, together with at least oneother therapeutically active agent.

In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceuticalformulation comprising: (a) a compound according to any of the aboveparagraphs, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (b) apharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs,the formulation is in a unit dosage form.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs,the formulation is for oral or topical use.

In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides a method ofinhibiting an enzyme, comprising: contacting the enzyme with thecompound according to any of the above paragraphs, thereby inhibitingthe enzyme.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs,the enzyme is a t-RNA synthetase which comprises an editing domain.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs,the enzyme is a leucyl t-RNA synthetase.

In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides a method of killingand/or preventing the growth of a microorganism, comprising: contactingthe microorganism with an effective amount of a compound according toany of the above paragraphs, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, thereby killing and/or preventing the growth of themicroorganism.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs,the microorganism is a bacterium.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs,the microorganism is Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides a method of treatingand/or preventing a disease in an animal, comprising: administering tothe animal a therapeutically effective amount of compound according toany of the above paragraphs, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable saltthereof, thereby treating and/or preventing the disease.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs,the disease is tuberculosis.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs,the animal is a human.

In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides a method ofinhibiting the editing domain of a t-RNA synthetase, comprising:contacting the synthetase with an effective amount of a compoundaccording to any of the above paragraphs, or apharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, thereby inhibiting thesynthetase.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs,the synthetase is a leucyl t-RNA synthetase.

In an exemplary embodiment, according to any of the above paragraphs,the synthetase is a Mycobacterium tuberculosis leucyl t-RNA synthetase.

In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides the use of a compoundaccording to any of the above paragraphs or a combination according toany of the above paragraphs or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/orprophylaxis of bacterial infection.

It is to be understood that the present invention covers allcombinations of aspects and/or embodiments, as well as suitable,convenient and preferred groups described herein.

The invention is further illustrated by the Examples that follow. TheExamples are not intended to define or limit the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES

Proton NMR are recorded on Varian AS 300 spectrometer and chemicalshifts are reported as δ (ppm) down field from tetramethylsilane. Massspectra are determined on Micromass Quattro II.

The M. tuberculosis LeuRS gene (DNA sequence listed herein) was preparedby GenScript and cloned into the T7 expression vector pET28a(+) at theNdeI-XhoI sites. Over-expression of M. tuberculosis LeuRS from thisconstruct generated a version of M. tuberculosis LeuRS with anN-terminal his-tag, which will use the standard procedures forpurification of his-tagged proteins.

Example 1 A.3-Aminomethyl-4-fluoro-7-(3-hydroxy-propoxy)-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol;bis trifluoroacetic salt 6-Fluoro-2,3-dimethoxy-benzaldehyde

To a solution of 4-fluoro-1,2-dimethoxy-benzene (20.0 g, 128.07 mmol) inanhydrous THF (200 mL) under nitrogen at −78° C. was added dropwise a2.5M solution in hexane of n-BuLi (102.4 mL, 256.14 mmol) for duration30 min and the reaction mixture was further stirred at the sametemperature for 3 h. The reaction mixture was quenched carefully withDMF (100 mL) at −65° C. to −40° C. and left overnight. 2N HCl (300 mL)was added dropwise at −60° C. and the mixture stirred for 30 min. Thetwo layers were separated and the aqueous layer extracted with EtOAc.The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine, dried overMgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification was completed byflash column chromatography (20% EtOAc/hexane). Yield 18.0 g (85%). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 10.39 (s, 1H), 7.09 (dd, J=9.4, 5.1Hz, 1H), 6.84 (t, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 3.88 (s, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR(376 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d): −126 ppm.

6-Fluoro-2,3-dihydroxy-benzaldehyde

To a solution of 6-fluoro-2,3-dimethoxy-benzaldehyde (18.0 g, 97.74mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (100 mL) under nitrogen at −60° C.was added dropwise BBr₃.OEt₂ (195 mL, 195.48 mmol) over 30 min and thesolution was allowed to warm up to r.t and stirred for 4 h. The reactionmixture was cooled to −60° C. and 2N HCl (250 mL) was carefully addeddrop wise. The mixture was stirred at r.t overnight. The two layers wereseparated and the aqueous layer extracted with DCM. The combined organiclayers were washed with water, sat. NaHCO₃ solution, water and brine anddried over MgSO₄. The solvent was removed in vacuo to provide the titlecompound which was used in the next step without further purification.Yield 11.15 g (74%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 11.53 (s, 1H),10.23 (s, 1H), 7.11 (dd, J=8.8, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (t, J=9.6 Hz, 1H),5.48 (s, 1H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d): −132 ppm.

3-(3-Benzyloxy-propoxy)-6-fluoro-2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde

To a solution of 6-fluoro-2,3-dihydroxy-benzaldehyde (11.15 g, 71.42mmol) in anhydrous DMSO (88 mL) under nitrogen were added sequentiallysodium t-butoxide (13.72 g, 142.84 mmol) and benzyl-3-bromopropyl ether(17.29 g, 78.56 mmol) and the reaction mixture stirred at rt for 18 h.The mixture was diluted with water (400 mL) and extracted with EtOAc(4×100 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with water and brine,dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification wascompleted by flash chromatography (20% EtOAc/hexane). Yield 11.5 g(77%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 11.62 (s, 1H), 10.23 (s,1H), 7.42-7.16 (m, 5H), 7.05 (dd, J=8.8, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 6.54 (t, J=9.6 Hz,1H), 4.52 (s, 2H), 4.13 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.68 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 2.12(quin, J=6.2 Hz, 2H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d): −132 ppm.

Trifluoro-methanesulfonic acid6-(3-benzyloxy-propoxy)-3-fluoro-2-formyl-phenyl ester

Trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (1.11 g, 3.94 mmol) was addeddropwise to a solution of pyridine (389 mg, 4.92 mmol) and3-(3-benzyloxy-propoxy)-6-fluoro-2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (1 g, 3.28 mmol)in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) at 0° C. (bath temp). The reaction mixture was thenallowed to warm to rt and was stirred until complete consumption ofstarting material (as determined by TLC). Et₂O and 2 N HCl were thenadded. The organic layer was separated and washed with sat. NaHCO₃ thenbrine. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄) and filtered through a shortsilica gel plug, washing with Et₂O. The filtrate was concentrated invacuo to give 1.10 g of the desired triflate (yield 76%) that was useddirectly without further purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δppm 10.32 (s, 1H), 7.44-7.21 (m, 7H), 4.51 (s, 2H), 4.18 (t, J=6.1 Hz,2H), 3.68 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (quin, J=5.8 Hz, 2H).

3-(3-Benzyloxy-propoxy)-6-fluoro-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzaldehyde

A solution of trifluoro-methanesulfonic acid6-(3-benzyloxy-propoxy)-3-fluoro-2-formyl-phenyl ester (1.092 g, 2.50mmol) in anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (10 mL) was added bis(pinacolato)diborane(953 mg, 3.75 mmol) and KOAc (736 mg, 7.50 mmol) at rt, then degassedwith N₂ for 20 min. PdCl₂(dppf) (46 mg, 8 mol %) was added and theresulting solution was stirred at 100° C. until the reaction wascomplete. The solution was cooled to rt, filtered through Celite® orsilica gel and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was taken up in EtOAc.The organic layer was then washed with H₂O then brine, dried (Na₂SO₄),filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The product was purified by flashchromatography (20% EtOAc/hexane) to give 0.5 g of the title compoundalong with detriflated by product ratio ˜1:1 by H NMR spectrum. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 10.33 (s, 1H), 7.41-7.23 (m, 6H), 7.19 (d,J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 4.57-4.42 (m, 2H), 4.06 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.69-3.64 (m,2H), 2.20-2.00 (m, 2H), 1.44 (s, 12H); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δppm −73.72.

7-(3-Benzyloxy-propoxy)-4-fluoro-3-nitromethyl-3H-benzo[C][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol

NaOH (48 mg, 1.20 mmol) was added to3-(3-benzyloxy-propoxy)-6-fluoro-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzaldehyde(500 mg, 1.2 mmol) in H₂O (3 mL) at rt, and the reaction mixture wasstirred at rt for 5 min. MeNO₂ (219 mg, 3.6 mmol) was added dropwise andthe mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h. The reaction mixture wasacidified with 2 N HCl and extracted with EtOAc. The organic fractionwas washed with H₂O then brine, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated invacuo. Purification was accomplished by flash chromatography (10-40%EtOAc/hexane) to give 120 mg of the title compound by ¹H NMR spectrum.¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 7.40-7.22 (m, 5H), 7.11 (t, J=8.8Hz, 1H), 6.81 (t, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 5.93 (dd, J=9.0, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (dd,J=13.1, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.62-4.53 (m, 2H), 4.43 (dd, J=12.9, 9.0 Hz, 1H),4.19-4.01 (m, 2H), 3.66 (dt, J=15.9, 5.7 Hz, 2H), 2.18-1.94 (m, 2H); ¹⁹FNMR (376 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm −72.81 (s, 1F); MS (ESI) m/z=374 (M−1,negative).

3-Aminomethyl-4-fluoro-7-(3-hydroxy-propoxy)-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol;bis-trifluoroacetic acid salt

A mixture of7-(3-benzyloxy-propoxy)-4-fluoro-3-nitromethyl-3H-benzo[C][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol(120 mg, 0.32 mmol) and 20% Pd(OH)₂ (120 mg, 1:1 w/w substrate tocatalyst) in AcOH (10 mL) was shaken under an atmosphere of H₂ (45-50psi) in a Parr shaker. Once the reaction was complete, the mixture wasfiltered through Celite®. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to givea gummy material. Remaining AcOH was removed by co-evaporation withtoluene (3×) to give the amine. Purification by preparative HPLC (0.1%aq CF₃CO₂H/CH₃CN) produced 12 mg of the title compound as a white solid(yield 8.4%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.14 (br. s., 1H), 8.02(br. s., 3H), 7.25 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 5.43 (br.s., 1H), 4.55 (br. s., 1H), 4.07 (br. s., 2H), 3.56 (br. s., 2H),3.42-3.37 (m, 1H), 2.95 (br. s., 1H), 1.86 (br. s., 2H); ¹⁹F NMR (376MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm −73.90 (s, 6F), −131.51 (s, 1F); MS (ESI) m/z=256(M+1, positive); HPLC purity: 95.65% (MaxPlot 200-400 nm), 96.63% (220nm).

B.3-(Aminomethyl)-4-chloro-7-(3-hydroxypropoxy)benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-olhydrochloride 3-(3-Benzyloxy-propoxy)-2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde

NaH (2.95 g, 72.4 mmol) was added to an ice-cold solution of2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (5.0 g, 36 mmol) in anhydrous DMSO (45 mL).Benzyl-3-bromopropyl ether (6.45 mL, 36.2 mmol) was then added and themixture was stirred at rt for 12 h. The mixture was neutralized using 1N HCl and then extracted with EtOAc. The organic fraction was washedwith H₂O and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flashchromatography (8:2 hexane/EtOAc) to give the title compound as a brownoil: yield 8.40 g (81%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 9.93 (s, 1H),7.36-7.23 (m, 6H), 7.20-7.16 (m, 2H), 6.98-6.91 (m, 1H), 4.53 (s, 2H),4.19 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 3.70 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 2.19-2.16 (m, 2H).

3-(3-Benzyloxy-propoxy)-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzaldehyde

Trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (4.60 mL, 27.9 mmol) was addeddropwise to a solution of pyridine (3.42 mL, 42.5 mmol) and3-(3-benzyloxy-propoxy)-2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (7.6 g, 26 mmol) inCH₂Cl₂ (200 mL) at 0° C. (bath temp). The reaction mixture was thenallowed to warm to rt and was stirred until complete consumption ofstarting material (as determined by TLC). Et₂O and 2N HCl were thenadded. The organic layer was separated and washed with sat. NaHCO₃ thenbrine. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄) and filtered through a shortsilica gel plug, washing with Et₂O. The filtrate was concentrated invacuo to give 8.60 g of the desired triflate (yield 77%) that was useddirectly without further purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm):10.23 (s, 1H), 7.54-7.47 (m, 1H), 7.43 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.36-7.22 (m,6H), 4.52 (s, 2H), 4.23 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.71 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H),2.21-2.17 (m, 2H).

A solution of trifluoro-methanesulfonic acid2-(3-benzyloxy-propoxy)-6-formyl-phenyl ester (8.0 g, 19 mmol) inanhydrous 1,4-dioxane (160 mL) was added bis(pinacolato)diborane (9.71g, 38.2 mmol) and KOAc (5.71 g, 57.4 mmol) at rt, then degassed with N₂for 20 min. PdCl₂(dppf) (1.39 g, 1.89 mmol) was added and the resultingsolution was stirred at 100° C. until the reaction was complete. Thesolution was cooled to rt, filtered through Celite® or silica gel andconcentrated in vacuo. The residue was taken up in EtOAc. The organiclayer was then washed with H₂O then brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The product was purified by flash chromatography(9:1 hexane/EtOAc) to give 4.80 g of the title compound (yield 43%)along with some pinacol contamination and was used without furtherpurification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 9.93 (s, 1H), 7.46 (t,J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.41-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.35-7.24 (m, 5H), 7.08 (d, J=7.8 Hz,1H), 4.50 (s, 2H), 4.10 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.67 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.11(quin, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 1.43 (s, 12H).

7-(3-Benzyloxy-propoxy)-3-nitromethyl-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol

NaOH aq. (NaOH (3.64 g, 83 mmol) was added to3-(3-benzyloxy-propoxy)-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzaldehyde(36 g, 91 mmol) in H₂O (180 mL), and THF (50 mL) at rt, and the reactionmixture was stirred at rt for 5 min. MeNO₂ (16.6 g, 273 mmol) was addeddropwise and the mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h. The reactionmixture was acidified with 2 N HCl and extracted with EtOAc. The organicfraction was washed with H₂O then brine, dried (MgSO₄), and concentratedin vacuo. Purification was accomplished by flash chromatography (1:1hexane/EtOAc) to give 15.9 g of the title compound as a light yellow oil(yield 50%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 9.05 (s, 1H), 7.44 (t,J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.35-7.20 (m, 5H), 7.06 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (d, J=8.2Hz, 1H), 5.70 (dd, J=9.4, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 5.29 (dd, J=13.7, 2.7 Hz, 1H),4.53 (dd, J=13.3, 9.4 Hz, 1H), 4.45 (s, 2H), 4.11 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H),3.60 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.04-1.91 (m, 2H); MS (ESI): m/z=356 (M−1,negative); HPLC purity: 99.35% (MaxPlot 200-400 nm), 97.32% (220 nm).

4-Chloro-7-(3-hydroxy-propoxy)-3-nitromethyl-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol

To 7-(3-benzyloxy-propoxy)-3-nitromethyl-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol(1.1 g, 3.0 mmol) in glacial AcOH (10 mL) in cold water bath was addedSO₂Cl₂ (0.7 mL, 9.07 mmol) dropwise over 5 minutes period. The resultingsolution was stirred for 30 minutes at the same temperature then 1.5 hat room temperature. The solution was quenched with crushed ice and thendiluted with EtOAc (100 mL). The organic layer was washed with water,dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Tothe crude residue in MeOH (20 mL) was added Pd(OH)₂ (10% w/w on carbon,0.7 g), conc HCl was added until pH was 1, and the reaction vessel waspressurized to 40 psi with hydrogen for 30 minutes at room temperature.The resulting mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite® and washedwith EtOAc. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo, then the residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography (EtOAc:Hex, 1:1) providingthe title compound (0.2 g, 24% in 2 steps). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δppm 9.31 (br. s., 1H), 7.49 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H),5.76 (dd, J=8.2, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 5.33 (dd, J=13.2, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.70 (dd,J=13.0, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (br. s., 1H), 4.15-4.05 (m, 2H), 3.61-3.55 (m,2H), 1.95-1.77 (m, 2H).

3-Aminomethyl-4-chloro-7-(3-hydroxy-propoxy)-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-olhydrogen chloride

4-Chloro-7-(3-hydroxy-propoxy)-3-nitromethyl-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol(105 mg, 0.35 mmol) in methanolic ammonia solution (2 M, 20 mL) wasadded Ra/Ni (0.15 g, 2800 Nickel slurry in water) and the reactionvessel was pressurized to 40 psi with hydrogen overnight at roomtemperature. The resultant mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite®and washed with EtOAc. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and theresidue was added water (1 mL), followed by conc HCl to pH 1. Theheterogeneous mixture was lyophilized provide the title compound (130mg, quantitative) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.14(br. s., 1H), 8.36 (br. s., 3H), 7.49 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (d, J=8.2Hz, 1 H), 5.40 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 4.40 (br. s., 1H), 4.10 (br. s., 2H),3.59 (br. s., 2H), ˜3.30 (hidden, 1H), 2.89 (br. s., 1H), 1.89 (br. s,2H); MS (ESI) m/z=272 (M+1, positive); HPLC purity: 96.92% (MaxPlot200-400 nm), 97.96% (220 nm).

C. 3-Aminomethyl-7-ethoxy-4-fluoro-3H-benzo[c][1,2]-oxaborol-1-ol;hydrochloride 6-Fluoro-2,3-dimethoxy-benzaldehyde

To a cold (−78° C.) solution of 4-fluoro-1,2-dimethoxybenzene (15.00 g,96.05 mmol) in anhydrous THF (150 mL) was added n-BuLi (84.5 mL, 211.32mmol, 2.5 M solution in hexanes) under nitrogen and stirred it for 3 hat −78° C. Quenched the reaction with DMF (75 mL) at −65° C., added 2NHCl (300 mL) dropwise and further stirred for 30 min. Two layersseparation was observed. Aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc.Combined organic layers were washed with water, brine and dried overMgSO₄. Filtered the ethyl acetate layer and concentrated it in vacuo.The title compound was purified by flash column chromatography usingpure hexanes then 10 and 20% EtOAc in hexanes which provided 14.40 g(78.19 mmol, 82%) of the title compound as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 10.23 (s, 1H), 7.36 (dd, J=9.0, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.03(t, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.83 (s, 3H); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ ppm −131.68-−131.66 (m, 1F).

6-Fluoro-2,3-dihydroxy-benzaldehyde

To a cold (−78° C.) solution of 6-fluoro-2,3-dimethoxy-benzaldehyde(4.50 g, 24.43 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (30 mL) was added BBr₃(1M in DCM, 48.8 mL, 48.87 mmol) dropwise (duration 30 min). Thereaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 4 h. Againcooled it to −78° C. and added 2N HCl (60 mL) to it dropwise. Thereaction was stirred for overnight at room temperature and extractedwith DCM. Combined organic layers were washed with water, sat. NaHCO₃solution, brine and dried over MgSO₄. Filtration and removal of solventprovided 2.42 g (15.50 mmol, 64%) of the title compound as a yellowsolid. This was used in the next step without further purification. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 10.22 (s, 1H), 7.04 (dd, J=8.6, 5.5 Hz,1H), 6.61 (dd, J=10.4, 8.8 Hz, 1H); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm−131.69-−131.65 (m, 1F).

3-Ethoxy-6-fluoro-2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde

To a solution of 6-fluoro-2,3-dihydroxy-benzaldehyde (1.00 g, 6.40 mmol)in dry DMSO (10 mL) was added NaOBu^(t) (1.23 g, 12.81 mmol) and ethylbromide (0.77 g, 7.04 mmol) under N₂ and stirred at RT for 18 h. Theresultant mixture was diluted with water, acidified to pH ˜6 with 2N.HCland extracted with EtOAc (4×25 mL). Combined organic layers were washedwith water and brine and dried over MgSO₄. Filtration and removal of thesolvent under reduced pressure provided 1.05 g (5.70 mmol, 89%) of thetitle compound as yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm10.24 (s, 1H), 7.04 (dd, J=8.8, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 6.61-6.50 (m, 1H), 4.09 (q,J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.46 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δppm −132.19-−132.15 (m, 1F).

Trifluoro-methanesulfonic acid 6-ethoxy-3-fluoro-2-formyl-phenyl ester

To a cold (0° C.) solution of 3-ethoxy-6-fluoro-2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde(1.05 g, 5.70 mmol) in dry DCM (90 ml) was added pyridine (675 mg, 8.53mmol) under nitrogen and stirred the reaction mixture at 0° C. for 10min. Then added triflic anhydride (1.93 g, 6.84 mmol) slowly andcontinued stirring for 3 h at RT. Diluted the reaction with 1N.HCl (25mL) and extracted with DCM (2×100 mL). The organic layer was washed withwater and brine and dried over MgSO₄. Filtered and concentrated thefiltrate. Purification of the residue by flash column chromatographywith 5% ethyl acetate in hexanes gave 1.12 g, (3.54 mmol, 62%) of thetitle compound as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm10.34 (s, 1H), 7.31-7.13 (m, 2H), 4.13 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.48 (t, J=7.0Hz, 3H); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm −128.15-−128.11 (m, 1F),−73.56 (s, 3F).

3-Ethoxy-6-fluoro-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzaldehyde

A solution of trifluoro-methanesulfonic acid6-ethoxy-3-fluoro-2-formyl-phenyl ester (1.60 g, 5.05 mmol) in anhydrousTHF (50 mL) was degassed for 40 min. Added bis(pinacolato)diborane (3.85g, 15.17 mmol), KOAc (1.50 g, 15.17 mmol) and PdCl₂(dppf) (296 mg, 8 mol%) and stirred the reaction at 70° C. (bath temp) for 3 h. Anotheraddition of bis(pinacolato)diborane (1.40 g, 5.51 mmol) and heating at70° C. for 2 h completed the reaction. The resultant mixture was cooledto room temperature and filtered through a pad of Celite®. Concentratedthe filtrate. Purification of the residue by flash column chromatographywith hexanes and 5% EtOAc/hexanes yielded 1.65 g of title compound aswhite solid. ¹H NMR confirms presence of title compound but with someimpurities. It was used in next step without further purification. ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 10.29 (s, 1H), 7.12-6.97 (m, 2H), 4.00(q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.46 (s, 12H), 1.41 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 3H); ¹⁹F NMR (376MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm −133.71-−133.67 (m, 1F).

7-Ethoxy-4-fluoro-3-nitromethyl-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol

3-Ethoxy-6-fluoro-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzaldehyde(1.65 g, 5.61 mmol) was added to a solution of NaOH (225 mg, 5.60 mmol)in H₂O (10 mL) and stirred for 10 min at RT. Added nitromethane (1.03 g,16.83 mmol) dropwise and stirred for 4 h at RT. The reaction mixture wasacidified with 4N HCl and extracted with ethyl acetate. Organic layerwas washed with water, brine and dried over MgSO₄, filtered andconcentrated in vacuo. Purification of the residue by flash columnchromatography with 10 to 40% EtOAc/hexanes afforded 1.7 g of a mixtureof compounds by ¹H NMR spectrum. This mixture was used in next stepwithout further purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 7.13(t, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (dd, J=8.8, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 5.95 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H),5.14 (s, 1H), 5.01 (dd, J=13.3, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (dd, J=13.3, 9.0 Hz,1H), 4.10 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.45 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 3H); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz,CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm −131.00-−130.97 (m, 1F).

7-Ethoxy-4-fluoro-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydro-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-3-ylmethyl)-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester

To a cold (0° C.) solution of7-ethoxy-4-fluoro-3-nitromethyl-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol (500 mg,1.96 mmol) in dry MeOH (20 mL) was added (Boc)₂O (856 mg, 3.92 mmol)followed by NiCl₂.6H₂O (466 mg, 1.96 mmol) under nitrogen. Stirred thereaction mixture under nitrogen for 20 min and added NaBH₄ (445 mg,11.76 mmol) in portions and left it for overnight at RT. Evaporated thesolvent and diluted the reaction with 30 ml of ethyl acetate andfiltered it through Celite. Filtrate was concentrated and residue waspurified by flash column chromatography using 5% MeOH/DCM, but a mixture(950 mg) of products was obtained which was used in next step withoutfurther purification.

3-Aminomethyl-7-ethoxy-4-fluoro-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol;hydrochloride

A solution of7-ethoxy-4-fluoro-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydro-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-3-ylmethyl)-carbamicacid tert-butyl ester (450 mg, 1.38 mmol) in 4M HCl (in 1,4-dioxane, 15mL) was stirred at RT for overnight. The solvent was removed underreduced pressure. Recrystallization from EtOAc/hexanes provided 245 mg(0.93 mmol, 62%) of the title compound as white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.15 (br. s., 1H), 8.20 (br. s., 3H), 7.26 (t, J=9.0 Hz,1H), 6.95-6.85 (m, 1H), 5.45 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.30 (hidden, 1H), 4.05(q, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.89 (br. s., 1H), 1.30 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 3H); ¹⁹F NMR(376 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm −131.68-−131.66 (m, 1F); MS (ESI) m/z=226 (M+1,positive); HPLC purity: 91.87% (MaxPlot 200-400 nm), 90.33% (220 nm);Anal. Calcd for C₁₀H₁₄BClFNO₃ ⁻0.5 H₂O: C, 44.40%; H, 5.59%; N, 5.18%.Found: C, 44.30%; H, 5.42%; N, 5.50%.

D. 3-(Aminomethyl)-4-chloro-7-ethoxybenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol2-Bromo-3-hydroxybenzaldehyde

The suspension of 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde (5 g, 0.04 mol), iron powder(172 mg, 3 mmol) and sodium acetate (6.72 g, 0.08 mol) in acetic acid(40 mL) was warmed until a clear solution was obtained and then cooledto room temperature. To this mixture was dropwise added a solution ofbromine in glacial acetic acid (10 mL) over 15 min. After the addition,the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h and then poured into ice-water.The resulting mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (3×50 mL). Thecombined extracts were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. Theresidue was re-crystallized from dichloromethane to afford the product(2.3 g, yield 28%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆ δ 10.30 (s, 1H), 7.54-7.51(m, 1H), 7.39-7.35 (m, 1H), 7.31-7.27 (m, 1H), 5.90 (s, 1H).

2-Bromo-3-ethoxybenzaldehyde

The suspension of 2-bromo-3-hydroxybenzaldehyde (120 g, 0.60 mol), K₂CO₃(247 g, 1.79 mol) and bromoethane (135 mL, 1.79 mol) in DMF (700 mL) wasstirred at 70° C. for 3 h. After the reaction was quenched with water(50 mL), the resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×60 mL). Thecombined organic layers were washed with water (50 mL) and aqueous LiClsolution (50 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated todryness in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography onsilica gel to give the target compound (128 g, yield 94%). ¹H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d₆ δ 10.45 (s, 1H), 7.52-7.50 (d, 1H), 7.38-7.34 (t, 1H),7.13-7.10 (d, 1H), 4.18-4.13 (m, 2H), 1.53-1.50 (m, 3H).

2-(2-Bromo-3-ethoxyphenyl)-1,3-dioxolane

To a solution of 2-bromo-3-ethoxybenzaldehyde (128 g, 0.56 mol) andglycol (253 mL, 4.49 mol) in toluene (600 mL) was addedp-toluenesulfonic acid (10 g, 0.06 mol). The reaction flask had a Deanand Stark condenser attached and the reaction mixture was refluxed toremove the water for 4 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled to roomtemperature and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified bycolumn chromatography on silica gel to give the target compound (132 g,yield 86%).

Diisopropyl 2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-6-ethoxyphenylboronate

To the solution of 2-(2-bromo-3-ethoxyphenyl)-1,3-dioxolane (132 g, 0.48mol) in anhydrous THF (500 mL) was dropwise added n-BuLi (2.5 M in THF,386 mL, 0.97 mol) at −78° C. under nitrogen protection. The mixture wasstirred at −78° C. for 2 h and then triisopropyl borate (227 mL, 0.97mol) was dropwise added. The resulting mixture was stirred at thistemperature for 4 h. After the reaction was quenched by adding saturatedaqueous NH₄Cl solution (200 mL), the resulting mixture was extractedwith EtOAc (3×300 mL). The combined organic layers were washed withwater (200 mL) and brine (200 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated to dryness. The residue was purified by columnchromatography on silica gel to give the target compound (136 g, yield87%).

2-Ethoxy-6-formylphenylboronic acid

To the mixture of diisopropyl2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-6-ethoxyphenylboronate (136 g, 0.42 mol) in THF(500 mL) was added diluted HCl (2N, 200 mL) slowly at room temperaturewith stirring. After stirred for 1.5 h at room temperature, the reactionmixture was basified with 20% aqueous solution of NaOH to pH=12 and thenwashed with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The aqueous layer was acidified by usingthe diluted HCl (2N) to pH=2 and then extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL).The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated to dryness. The residue was purified by columnchromatography on silica gel to give the target compound as white solid(80 g, yield 83%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d) δ 9.93 (s, 1H), 7.92 (s,2H), 7.45-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.23-7.28 (d, 1H), 4.01-4.06 (m, 2H), 1.69-1.20(m, 3H).

7-Ethoxy-3-(nitromethyl)benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol

The mixture of 2-ethoxy-6-formylphenylboronic acid (80 g, 0.41 mol),NaOH (16.5 g, 0.41 mol) and CTAB (7.7 g, 20 mmol) in H₂O (100 mL) andTHF (500 mL) was stirred for 0.5 h at room temperature After dropwiseaddition of nitromethane (14 mL, 2.4 mol), the reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 3 h. Then the cyclization was affordedby adding the diluted HCl (2 N) to pH=2 and then extracted with EtOAc(3×300 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (250 mL),dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to dryness in vacuo. Theresidue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel to give thetarget compound as white solid (92 g, yield 94%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆ δ 9.06 (s, 1H), 7.46-7.43 (t, 1H), 7.07-7.05 (d, 1H), 6.89-6.87(d, 1H), 5.71-5.69 (m, 1H), 5.31-5.27 (m, 1H), 4.57-4.51 (m, 1H),4.12-4.07 (m, 2H), 1.34-1.30 (t, 3H).

4-Chloro-7-ethoxy-3-(nitromethyl)benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol

To a solution of 7-ethoxy-3-(nitromethyl)benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol(42 g, 0.18 mol) in DMF (200 mL) at 80° C. was added a solution of NCS(11.8 g, 0.18 mol) in DMF (50 mL) in 30 min. The reaction was quenchedwith an aqueous solution of LiCl solution (500 mL) and the resultingmixture was extracted by EtOAc (3×250 mL). The combined organic layerswere dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residuewas purified by column chromatography on silica gel to give the compoundas white solid. (39.7 g, contaminated with 18% C6-C1 regioisomer). Themixture was then re-crystallized from Ether/PE (1/5) to give the purecompound (28 g, yield 46.3%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.32 (s, 1H),7.50-7.48 (d, 1H), 6.98-6.96 (d, 1H), 5.77-5.74 (d, 1H), 5.35-5.31 (d,1H), 4.73-4.67 (m, 1H), 4.12-4.07 (m, 2H), 1.34-1.28 (t, 3H).

3-(Aminomethyl)-4-chloro-7-ethoxybenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-olhydrochloride

A mixture of4-chloro-7-ethoxy-3-(nitromethyl)benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol (47 g,0.17 mol), Raney Ni (2 g) and 2 M NH₃ in EtOH (40 mL) in EtOH (200 mL)was stirred under an atmosphere of H₂ for 2 h and then filtrated. Thefiltrate was acidified by using 4.5 N HCl in EtOH (100 mL). Afterstirring for 30 min, the mixture was concentrated and the residue waswashed with CH₃CN (2×50 mL) to give the product as white solid (43 g,yield 89%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.13 (s, 1H), 8.18 (s, 3H),7.50-7.51 (d, 1H), 6.97-7.00 (d, 1H), 5.36-5.39 (m, 1H), 4.08-4.14 (m,2H), 3.55-3.59 (m, 1H), 2.90-2.95 (m, 1H), 1.33-1.36 (m, 3H); MS (ESI)m/z=242 [M+H]⁺.

E. 3-(Aminomethyl)-4-bromo-7-ethoxybenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol2,2,2-trifluoroacetate salt3-(Aminomethyl)-7-ethoxybenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol hydrochloridesalt

To the solution of7-ethoxy-3-(nitromethyl)benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol (2 g, 8.43 mmol),Raney Ni (200 mg) and 2 M NH₃ in EtOH (10 mL) in ethanol (35 mL) wasshaken under an atmosphere of H₂ for 2 h at room temperature. Themixture was filtered through a bed of Celite and the filtrate wasconcentrated in vacuo. The crude amine was dissolved in EtOAc (10 mL)and HCl in Et₂O (30 mL) was added immediately. After 1 h, the suspensionwas filtered and the resulting solid was washed withacetonitrile/hexanes (2:1, 2×20 mL) to give the compound as white solid(1 g, yield 57.2%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.89 (s, 1H), 8.22 (s,3H), 7.48-7.44 (t, 1H), 7.06-7.04 (d, 1H), 6.90-6.88 (d, 1H), 5.31-5.29(m, 1H), 4.13-4.08 (m, 2H), 3.45-3.39 (m, 1H), 2.80-2.78 (m, 1H),1.36-1.33 (m, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z=208 [M+H]⁺.

tert-Butyl(7-ethoxy-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-3-yl)methyl-carbamate

To the mixture of 3-(aminomethyl)-7-ethoxybenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-olhydrochloride salt (300 mg, 1.23 mmol) and triethylamine (622 mg, 6.16mmol) in dichloromethane (35 mL) at 0° C. was added di-tert-butyldicarbonate (402.8 mg, 1.85 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 2 h atroom temperature. After the reaction was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ (45mL) and the resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×30 mL), thecombined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash-columnchromatography to give the product (320 mg, yield 84.6%).

tert-Butyl(4-bromo-7-ethoxy-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-3-yl)-methylcarbamate

To the solution of tert-butyl(7-ethoxy-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-3-yl)methyl-carbamate(250 mg, 0.81 mmol) and 1-bromopyrrolidine-2,5-dione (173.9 mg, 0.98mmol) in CH₃CN (50 mL) was added 2,2′-Azobis(2-methylpropionitrile (10mg) and the mixture was stirred for 1 h at 90° C. The reaction mixturewas then concentrated in high vacuo and the residue was purified byprep-HPLC to give the product (200 mg, yield 63.6%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 8.90 (s, 1H), 7.55-7.53 (d, 1H), 6.85-6.82 (d, 1H), 5.08-5.07(d, 1H), 4.11-4.07 (m, 2H), 3.82-3.79 (d, 1H), 3.06-3.03 (m, 1H), 1.39(s, 9H), 1.30 (t, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z=387 [M+H]⁺.

3-(Aminomethyl)-4-bromo-7-ethoxybenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol2,2,2-trifluoro-acetate salt

The mixture of tert-butyl(4-bromo-7-ethoxy-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-3-yl)-methylcarbamate(200 mg, 51.8 mmol) in 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid and dichloromethane(1:1, 20 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and concentrated todryness (water bath <30° C.). The residue was washed with acetonitrile(2×5 mL) and the white solid was dried in high vacuo to give the product(190 mg, yield 91.6%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.12 (s, 1H), 8.04(s, 3H), 7.65-7.62 (d, 1H), 6.94-6.92 (d, 1H), 5.27-5.25 (m, 1H),4.13-4.08 (m, 2H), 3.64-3.61 (m, 1H), 2.99-2.92 (m, 1H), 1.36-1.33 (t,3H); MS (ESI) m/z=287 [M+H]⁺.

F. 3-(Aminomethyl)-7-ethoxy-4-methylbenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-olhydrochloride salt7-Ethoxy-4-methyl-3-(nitromethyl)benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol

A mixture of4-bromo-7-ethoxy-3-(nitromethyl)benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol (200 mg,0.63 mmol), tetramethylstannane (341.7 mg, 1.90 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄(Cat. 20 mg) in DMF (35 mL) was stirred overnight at 90° C. under N₂protection. The reaction was quenched by adding ice-water and theresulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 mL). Thecombined extracts were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated invacuo. The residue was purified by prep-TLC to give the product (72 mg,yield 45.3%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.00 (s, 1H), 7.23-7.21 (d,1H), 6.83-6.81 (d, 1H), 5.77-5.75 (m, 1H), 5.27-5.24 (m, 1H), 4.50-4.44(m, 1H), 4.08-4.03 (m, 2H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 1.33-1.29 (t, 3H).

3-(Aminomethyl)-7-ethoxy-4-methylbenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-olhydrochloride salt

A mixture of7-ethoxy-4-methyl-3-(nitromethyl)benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol (80 mg,0.32 mmol), Raney Ni (50 mg) and NH₃/EtOH (2 mL) in EtOH (10 mL) wasstirred under an atmosphere of H₂ for 2 h and then filtrated. Thefiltrate was acidified by using 4.5 N HCl in EtOH (15 mL). Afterstirring for 30 min, the mixture was concentrated in vacuo and theresidue was washed with CH₃CN (2×3 mL) to give the product as whitesolid (39 mg, yield 47.5%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.80 (s, 1H),8.15 (s, 3H), 7.24-7.22 (d, 1H), 6.83-6.81 (d, 1H), 5.37-5.35 (m, 1H),4.08-4.03 (m, 2H), 3.36-3.28 (m, 1H), 2.73-2.70 (m, 1H), 2.23 (s, 3H),1.34-1.30 (t, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z=222 [M+H]⁺.

G. 3-(Aminomethyl)-7-ethoxy-4-ethylbenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol7-Ethoxy-3-(nitromethyl)-4-vinylbenzo[c][2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol

A mixture of4-bromo-7-ethoxy-3-(nitromethyl)benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol (900 mg,2.85 mmol), vinyltributyltin (5.2 g, 53 mmol) and Pd(Ph₃P)₄ (230 mg, 0.2mmol) in DMF (45 mL) was degassed for 15 min with N₂ and then stirred at100° C. for 30 min in microwave reactor (Biotage). After the reactionwas quenched with ice-water, the resulting mixture was extracted withEtOAc (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water (20mL) and brine (20 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and then concentratedto dryness in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatographyon silica gel to give the compound (650 mg, yield 87%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆ δ 9.10 (s, 1H), 7.64-7.66 (d, 1H), 6.93-6.95 (d, 1H), 6.77-6.84(m, 1H), 5.93-5.96 (d, 1H), 5.69-5.73 (d, 1H), 5.28-5.31 (d, 1H),5.10-5.14 (d, 1H), 4.44-4.49 (m, 1H), 4.09-4.14 (m, 2H), 1.32-1.35 (m,3H); MS (ESI) m/z=264 [M+H]⁺.

3-(Aminomethyl)-7-ethoxy-4-vinylbenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol

A mixture of7-ethoxy-3-(nitromethyl)-4-vinylbenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol (205 mg,0.78 mmol), Raney-Ni (50 mg) and 2 M NH₃ in EtOH (5 mL) in EtOH (10 mL)was shaken under an atmosphere of H₂ for 2 h at room temperature. Themixture was filtered through a bed of Celite and the filtrate wasconcentrated in vacuo. The crude amine was dissolved in EtOAc (2 mL) andHCl in Et₂O (20 mL) was added immediately. After 1 h, the suspension wasfiltered and the resulting solid was used directly for the next stepwithout further purification.

3-(Aminomethyl)-7-ethoxy-4-ethylbenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol

To a suspension of3-(aminomethyl)-7-ethoxy-4-vinylbenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol (175 mg,0.75 mmol) with Pd/C (40 mg) in EtOH (5 ml) was shaken under anatmosphere of H₂ for 2 h at room temperature. The mixture was filteredthrough a bed of Celite and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. Thecrude amine was dissolved in EtOAc (2 mL) and HCl in Et₂O (15 mL) wasadded immediately. After 1 h, the suspension was filtered and theresulting solid was washed with hexanes to give the target compound (23mg, yield 13%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.81 (s, 1H), 8.18 (s, 3H),7.31-7.29 (d, 1H), 6.68-6.88 (d, 1H), 5.38-5.40 (d, 1H), 4.04-4.09 (d,2H), 3.30-3.35 (m, 1H), 2.66-2.71 (m, 1H), 1.31-1.34 (m, 3H), 1.15-1.17(m, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z=236 [M+H]⁺.

H. 3-(Aminomethyl)-7-ethoxy-4-phenylbenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol7-Ethoxy-3-(nitromethyl)-4-phenylbenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol

A mixture of4-bromo-7-ethoxy-3-(nitromethyl)benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol (315 mg,1 mmol), tributyl-phenyl-stannane (750 mg, 2 mmol) and Pd(Ph₃P)₄ (Cat.)in DMF (15 mL) was degassed for 15 min with N₂ and then stirred at 100°C. for 30 min in microwave reactor (Biotage). After the reaction wasquenched with ice-water, the resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc(3×40 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water (20 mL)and brine (20 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and then concentrated todryness. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gelto give the compound as white solid (60 mg, yield 20%). ¹HNMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 9.13 (s, 1H), 7.46-7.49 (m, 5H), 7.34-7.48 (m, 2H), 6.17-6.20(m, 1H), 4.88-4.92 (m, 1H), 4.21-4.25 (m, 1H), 4.05-4.16 (m, 2H),1.34-1.37 (m, 3H).

3-(Aminomethyl)-7-ethoxy-4-phenylbenzo[c],[1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol

A mixture of7-ethoxy-3-(nitromethyl)-4-phenylbenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol (60 mg,0.19 mmol), Raney-Ni (˜25 mg) and 2 M NH₃ in EtOH (2 mL) in EtOH (10 mL)was shaken under an atmosphere of H₂ for 2 h at room temperature. Themixture was filtered through a bed of Celite and the filtrate wasconcentrated in vacuo. The crude amine was dissolved in EtOAc (1 mL) andHCl in Et₂O (5 mL) was added immediately. After 1 h, the suspension wasfiltered and the resulting solid was washed with hexanes to give thecompound as white solid (30 mg, yield 51%). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ8.89 (s, 1H), 8.04 (s, 3H), 7.43-7.46 (d, 5H), 7.36-7.38 (d, 1H),6.98-7.00 (d, 1H), 5.78-5.81 (d, 1H), 4.09-4.14 (m, 2H), 2.56-2.59 (m,1H), 2.24-2.30 (m, 1H), 1.33-1.36 (m, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z=284 [M+H]⁺.

I.7-(4-Aminobutoxy)-3-(aminomethyl)-4-chlorobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-oldihydrochloride tert-Butyl 4-hydroxybutylcarbamate

To a mixture of 4-aminobutan-1-ol (4.0 g, 45 mmol) and TEA (7.5 mL, 54mmol) in DCM (200 ml) was added (Boc)₂O (10.2 g, 47.2 mmol). Thereaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature and then washedwith water (2×150 mL) and the solution of citric acid (100 mL). Theorganic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to givethe product as yellow oil 7.5 g. (yield 88%).

4-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)butyl methanesulfonate

To a mixture of tert-butyl 4-hydroxybutylcarbamate (7.5 g, 40 mmol) andTEA (3.6 mL, 48 mmol) in DCM (100 mL) at 0° C. was dropwise added MsCl(6.6 mL, 48 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hand then washed with water (2×100 mL) and the solution of citric acid(100 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated to give the product as yellow oil (10.0 g, yield 94%).

tert-Butyl 4-(2-bromo-3-formylphenoxy)butylcarbamate

To a mixture of 2-bromo-3-hydroxybenzaldehyde (3.0 g, 15 mmol) andtert-butoxycarbonyl)butyl methanesulfonate (4.8 g, 18 mmol) in DMF (40mL) was added K₂CO₃ (6.2 g, 45 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 80° C.for 45 min and quenched by addition of aqueous LiCl solution (80 mL).The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×80 mL) and the combined organiclayers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and then concentrated to givethe crude product as brown oil (6.0 g).

tert-Butyl4-(3-formyl-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy)-butylcarbamate

A mixture of tert-butyl 4-(2-bromo-3-formylphenoxy)butylcarbamate (6.0g, 16 mmol), KOAc (5.0 g, 48 mmol), (Pin)₂B₂ (7.7 g, 86 mmol) andPb(dppf)Cl₂ (1.25 g, 1.6 mmol) in dioxane (100 mL) was degassed for 15min with N₂ and refluxed for 2 h under N₂ protection. The mixture wasfiltered and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue waspurified by chromatography on silica gel to give the product as yellowoil (3.5 g, yield 55%).

tert-Butyl-4-(1-hydroxy-3-(nitromethyl)-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxa-borol-7-yloxy)butylcarbamate

To a solution of tert-butyl4-(3-formyl-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenoxy)-butylcarbamate(3.5 g, 8.3 mmol) and CTAB (cat.) in THF (50 mL) was added MeNO₂(2.8 mL,49 mmol), followed by an aqueous solution of NaOH (0.36 g, 9.1 mmol) inH₂O (5 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 45 min. Thecyclization was afforded by adding 2N HCl solution until pH=2 at 0° C.The reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL) and the organiclayers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and then concentrated in vacuo.The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (PE: EtOAc=3:1)to give the product as yellow oil (1.7 g, yield 53.6%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ 9.05 (s, 1H), 7.44-7.47 (t, 1H), 7.06-7.08 (d, 1H), 6.88-6.90(d, 1H), 9.86 (t, 1H), 5.70-5.72 (m, 1H), 5.29-5.33 (m, 1H), 4.53-4.59(m, 1H), 4.02-4.06 (t, 2H), 2.95-2.30 (m, 2H), 1.67-1.72 (m, 2H),1.52-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.38 (s, 9H).

tert-Butyl-4-(4-chloro-1-hydroxy-3-(nitromethyl)-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-7-yloxy)butylcarbamate

A mixture of tert-butyl4-(1-hydroxy-3-(nitromethyl)-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-7-yloxy)-butylcarbamate(640 mg, 1.7 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added NCS (226 mg, 1.7 mmol) inDMF (5 mL). The mixture was heated to 80° C. for 2 h. After the reactionwas quenched with an aqueous LiCl solution (100 mL), the resultingmixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined organic layerswere dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residuewas purified by prep-HPLC to give the product (280 mg, yield 67.5%). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.29 (s, 1H), 7.47-7.49 (d, 1H), 6.96-6.98 (d,1H), 6.80 (s, 1H), 5.74-5.77 (m, 1H), 5.31-5.35 (m, 1H), 4.67-4.72 (m,1H), 4.02-4.05 (m, 2H), 2.94-2.99 (m, 2H), 1.68-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.50-1.56(m, 2H), 1.36 (s, 9H).

tert-Butyl4-(3-(aminomethyl)-4-chloro-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydro-benzo[c][1,2]oxa-borol-7-yloxy)butylcarbamate

A mixture of tert-butyl4-(1-hydroxy-3-(nitromethyl)-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-7-yl-oxy)-butylcarbamate(410 mg, 1 mmol), Raney-Ni (100 mg) and 2 N NH₃ in EtOH (3 mL) in EtOH(15 mL) was shaken under an atmosphere of H₂ for 2 h at roomtemperature. The mixture was filtered through a bed of Celite and thefiltrate was concentrated in vacuo. The resulting solid was useddirectly for the next step.

7-(4-Aminobutoxy)-3-(aminomethyl)-4-chlorobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-oldihydrochloride

To a mixture of the crudetert-butyl-4-(3-(aminomethyl)-4-chloro-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c]-[1,2]-oxa-borol-7-yloxy)butylcarbamatein DCM (5 mL) was added CF₃COOH (2 mL) at room temperature. The reactionmixture was stirred for 1 h and concentrated in vacuo. The crude aminewas dissolved in EtOAc (1 mL) and HCl in Et₂O (10 mL) was addedimmediately. After 1 h, the suspension was filtered and the resultingsolid was washed with hexanes to give the target compound as white solid(180 mg, yield: 42%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.16 (s, 1H), 8.28 (s,3H), 8.03 (d, 3H), 7.49-7.51 (d, 1H), 6.99-7.01 (d, 1H), 5.38-5.40 (m,1H), 4.05-4.08 (m, 2H), 3.56-3.59 (d, 1H), 2.84-2.91 (m, 3H), 1.71-1.83(m, 4H); MS (ESI) m/z=285 [M+H]⁺.

J.3-(Aminomethyl)-7-(3-aminopropoxy)-4-chlorobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-oltert-Butyl 3-bromopropylcarbamate

To a mixture of 3-bromopropan-1-amine (10.95 g, 50 mmol) and TEA (15.4mL, 110 mmol) in DCM (100 ml) at 0° C. was added (Boc)₂O (11.4 g, 52.5mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnightand then washed with water (3×100 mL) and the solution of citric acid(100 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated to give the product as yellow oil (9.0 g, yield 76%).

tert-Butyl 3-(2-bromo-3-formylphenoxy)propylcarbamate

A mixture of 2-bromo-3-hydroxybenzaldehyde (5 g, 24.9 mmol),3-(tert-butoxy carbonylamino)-propyl methanesulfonate (7.55 g, 30 mmol)and Cs₂CO₃ (24 g, 75 mmol) in DMF (60 mL) was stirred at 50° C. for 3 hand quenched with water (600 mL). The resulting mixture was extractedwith EtOAc (3×60 mL) and the combined organic layers were washed withbrine (60 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and then concentrated invacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel(PE/EtOAc=10/1) to give the product (7.2 g, yield 81%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 10.43 (s, 1H), 7.53 (dd, J=7.8 Hz, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (t, J=7.8Hz, 1H), 7.12 (dd, J=8.2 Hz, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.16 (s, 1H), 4.15 (t, J=5.9Hz, 2H), 3.42 (m, 2H), 2.10 (m, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9H); MS (ESI) m/z=358[M+H]⁺.

tert-Butyl3-(3-formyl-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenoxy)propylcarbamate

A solution of tert-butyl 3-(2-bromo-3-formylphenoxy)propylcarbamate (7.1g, 20 mmol), B₂pin₂ (10 g, 40 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (800 mg, 2 mmol) andKOAc (5.9 g, 60 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (30 mL) was degassed with N₂ andstirred at 80° C. for 5 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperatureand diluted with EtOAc (100 mL). The organic layer was washed with water(50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and thenconcentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel(PE/EtOAc=5/1) to give the product (3.1 g, yield 38.3%). ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.95 (s, 1H), 7.48 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (m, 1H), 7.09(d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (s, 1H), 4.05 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.32 (m, 2H),2.00 (m, 2H), 1.45 (s, 12H), 1.43 (s, 9H); MS (ESI) m/z=406 [M+H]⁺.

tert-Butyl3-(1-hydroxy-3-(nitromethyl)-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-7-yloxy)-propylcarbamate

A mixture of tert-butyl3-(3-formyl-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy)propylcarbamate(3.1 g, 8.47 mmol), MeNO₂ (775 mg, 12.7 mmol), CTAB (310 mg, 0.85 mmol)and NaOH (407 mg, 10 mmol) in THF (35 mL) and H₂O (8 mL) was stirred atroom temperature for 3 h. The mixture was adjusted to pH 2-3 using 2NHCl and then stirred for 30 min. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc(2×80 mL). The organic layer was washed with water (30 mL) and brine (30mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and then concentrated. The residue waspurified by column chromatography on silica gel (PE/EtOAc=5/1) to givethe product (2 g, yield 64.5%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.05 (s,1H), 7.47 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (m, 2H), 5.72(dd, J=9.0, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 5.31 (dd, J=13.3, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (dd,J=13.3, 9.4 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.09 (m, 2H), 1.83 (m, 2H),1.37 (s, 9H); MS (ESI) m/z=367 [M+H]⁺.

tert-Butyl-4-(4-chloro-1-hydroxy-3-(nitromethyl)-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-7-yloxy)propylcarbamate

To a mixture of tert-butyl4-(1-hydroxy-3-(nitromethyl)-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-7-yl-oxy)propylcarbamate(2.9 g, 8 mmol) in DMF (35 mL) was added NCS (1.0 g, 8 mmol) in DMF (15mL). The reaction mixture was heated to 80° C. for 2 h and then quenchedwith an aqueous LiCl solution (300 mL). The resulting mixture wasextracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL). The combined organic layers were driedover anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue waspurified by prep-HPLC to give the product as white solid (480 mg, yield15.2%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.28 (s, 1H), 7.49-7.51 (d, 1H),6.96-6.98 (d, 1H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 5.74-5.77 (m, 1H), 5.31-5.35 (m, 1H),4.67-4.72 (m, 1H), 4.03-4.06 (m, 2H), 3.07-3.11 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.86 (m,2H), 1.37 (s, 9H); MS (ESI) m/z=401 [M+H]⁺.

tert-Butyl 3-(3-(aminomethyl)-4-chloro-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydro-benzo[c][1,2]oxa-borol-7-yloxy)propylcarbamate

A mixture of tert-butyl3-(4-chloro-1-hydroxy-3-(nitromethyl)-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-7-yloxy)propylcarbamate(480 mg, 1.2 mmol), Raney-Ni (500 mg) and 2 M NH₃ in EtOH (3 mL) in EtOH(15 mL) was shaken under an atmosphere of H₂ for 2 h at roomtemperature. The mixture was filtered through a bed of Celite and thefiltrate was concentrated in vacuo. The resulting solid was useddirectly for the next step.

3-(Aminomethyl)-7-(3-aminopropoxy)-4-chlorobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol

To a mixture of the crude tert-butyl3-(3-(aminomethyl)-4-chloro-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c]-[1,2]oxaborol-7-yloxy)propylcarbamatein DCM (10 mL) was added CF₃COOH (2.0 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixturewas stirred for 1 h and concentrated in vacuo. The crude amine wasdissolved in EtOH (2 mL) and HCl in Et₂O (2 mL) was added immediately.After 1 h, the mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The residue wasre-crystallized by EtOH/Et₂O to give the target compound (173.4 mg,yield 42%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.28 (s, 1H), 8.36 (s, 3H), 8.17(s, 3H), 7.50-7.52 (d, 1H), 6.98-7.00 (d, 1H), 5.39-5.42 (m, 1H),4.13-4.16 (m, 2H), 3.56-3.59 (d, 1H), 2.98-2.99 (m, 2H), 2.87 (s, 1H),2.04-2.10 (m, 2H); MS (ESI) m/z=271 [M+H]⁺.

K. (R)-3-(Aminomethyl)-4-chloro-7-ethoxybenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-olhydrochloride and L.(S)-3-(Aminomethyl)-4-chloro-7-ethoxybenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-olhydrochloride

tert-Butyl((4-chloro-7-ethoxy-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-3-yl)methyl)carbamate

A solution of3-(aminomethyl)-4-chloro-7-ethoxybenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-olhydrochloride (38.4 g, 0.16 mol) and Et₃N (47.8 g, 0.47 mol) in CH₂Cl₂(350 mL) at 0° C. was added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (172 g, 0.79 mol)and the reaction was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. After thereaction was quenched by addition of sat. NaHCO₃ (100 mL) and theresulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×120 mL). The combinedorganic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. Theresidue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel to give thecompound as white solid (27 g, yield 50%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ8.92 (s, 1H), 7.40-7.42 (d, 1H), 6.88-6.90 (d, 1H), 6.77-6.79 (m, 1H),5.15-5.16 (d, 1H), 4.06-4.13 (m, 2H), 3.75-3.78 (d, 1H), 3.03-3.08 (m,1H), 1.31-1.34 (m, 12H); MS (ESI) m/z=286 [M+H]⁺.

(S)-tert-Butyl((4-chloro-7-ethoxy-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-3-yl)methyl)carbamateand(R)-tert-butyl((4-chloro-7-ethoxy-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-3-yl)methyl)carbamate

25.7 g oftert-butyl((4-chloro-7-ethoxy-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-3-yl)methyl)carbamatedissolved in acetonitrile (10 mg/ml) was resolved via chiral HPLC usingChiralPak AD-H (250×30 mm I.D.) and SF CO₂/methanol as eluent. Flow rateis 70 mL/min. UV detection was monitored at 220 nm. Two peaks werecollected and evaporated to give 10.65 g of enantiomer A (faster elutingisomer) and 10.15 g of enantiomer B (slower eluting isomer). Analysis ofthe pooled fractions using a ChiralPak AD-3 (150×4.6 mm I.D.) and thesame mobile phase showed enantiomer A with a retention time of 3.12 minand 98.7% e.e, and enantiomer B with a retention time of 3.44 min and98.5% e.e.

(R)-3-(Aminomethyl)-4-chloro-7-ethoxybenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-olhydrochloride

Enantiomer A (7.0 g, 20.5 mmol) was dissolved in 30 mL of dioxane andtreated with 4M HCl (26.7 mL, 106.6 mmol) in dioxane. The reactionmixture was stirred at room temperature for overnight until the reactionwas completed indicated by LC/MS. After dioxane was removed in vacuo anddiethyl ether was added, an off-white solid was collected and driedunder high-vacuum. This material was re-dissolved in acetonitrile andwater (1:1, v/v) and lyophilized to give 5.17 g of the title compound asan off-white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.11 (s, 1H), 8.22 (s,3H), 7.47 (d, 1H), 6.95 (d, 1H), 5.34-5.37 (m, 1H), 4.06-4.11 (m, 2H),3.53-3.56 (m, 1H), 2.89 (m, 1H), 1.30-1.34 (m, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z=242.0[M+H]⁺.

(S)-3-(Aminomethyl)-4-chloro-7-ethoxybenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-olhydrochloride

Enantiomer B (7.0 g, 20.5 mmol) was dissolved in 30 mL of dioxane andtreated with 4M HCl (26.7 mL, 106.6 mmol) in dioxane. The reactionmixture was stirred at room temperature for overnight until the reactionwas completed indicated by LC/MS. After dioxane was removed in vacuo anddiethyl ether was added, an off-white solid was collected and driedunder high-vacuum. This material was re-dissolved in acetonitrile andwater (1:1, v/v) and lyophilized to give 5.23 g of the title compound asan off-white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.11 (s, 1H), 8.25 (s,3H), 7.47 (d, 1H), 6.95 (d, 1H), 5.35-5.38 (m, 1H), 4.06-4.11 (m, 2H),3.53-3.56 (m, 1H), 2.88 (m, 1H), 1.30-1.33 (m, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z=242.0[M+H]⁺.

M. (R)-3-(Aminomethyl)-4-fluoro-7-ethoxybenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-olhydrochloride and N.(S)-3-(Aminomethyl)-4-fluoro-7-ethoxybenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-olhydrochloride

tert-Butyl((4-fluoro-7-ethoxy-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-3-yl)methyl)carbamate

This compound was prepared from3-aminomethyl-7-ethoxy-4-fluoro-3H-benzo[c][1,2]-oxaborol-1-ol,hydrochloride, using the similar procedure as described above.

(S)-tert-Butyl((4-fluoro-7-ethoxy-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-3-yl)methyl)carbamateand(R)-tert-butyl((4-fluoro-7-ethoxy-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-3-yl)methyl)carbamate

4.5 g oftert-butyl((4-fluoro-7-ethoxy-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-3-yl)methyl)carbamatedissolved in ethanol (100 mg/ml) was resolved via chiral HPLC usingChiralCel OZ-H column (250×30 mm I.D.) and SF CO₂/hexane:ethanol(1:1) aseluent. Flow rate is 70 mL/min. UV detection was monitored at 220 nm.Two peaks were collected and evaporated to give 2.1 g of enantiomer A(faster eluting isomer) and 2.2 g of enantiomer B (slower elutingisomer). Analysis of the pooled fractions using a ChiralCel OZ-H(150×4.6 mm I.D.) and SF CO₂/ethanol (0.05% DEA) as mobile phase showedenantiomer A with a retention time of 2.66 min and 99.5% e.e, andenantiomer B with a retention time of 3.31 min and 98.1% e.e.

(R)-3-(Aminomethyl)-4-fluoro-7-ethoxybenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-olhydrochloride

Enantiomer A (2.1 g) was treated with 200 mL of 1.6 N HCl in MeOH andstirred at room temperature for 5 hours until the reaction was completedindicated by LC/MS. After water (100 mL) was added, the residue waslyophilized overnight to give 1.40 g of the title compound as anoff-white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.16 (br. s., 1H), 8.34(br. s., 3H), 7.26 (t, 1H), 6.70-6.92 (m, 1H), 5.48 (d, 1H), 4.06 (q,2H), 3.35 (m, 1H), 2.88 (m, 1H), 1.30 (t, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z=226.1 (M+1,positive).

(S)-3-(Aminomethyl)-4-fluoro-7-ethoxybenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-olhydrochloride

Enantiomer B (2.1 g) was treated with 200 mL of 1.6 N HCl in MeOH andstirred at room temperature for 5 hours until the reaction was completedindicated by LC/MS. After water (100 mL) was added, the residue waslyophilized overnight to give 1.43 g of the title compound as anoff-white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.16 (br. s., 1H), 8.31(br. s., 3H), 7.26 (t, 1H), 6.70-6.92 (m, 1H), 5.48 (d, 1H), 4.06 (q,2H), 3.35 (m, 1H), 2.88 (m, 1H), 1.31 (t, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z=226.1 (M+1,positive).

O.3-Aminomethyl-5-chloro-7-(3-hydroxy-propoxy)-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-olhydrochloride

5-Chloro-2,3-dihydroxy-benzaldehyde

To a solution of 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzaldehyde (7 g, 37.5mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL) at 0° C. was added a solution of BBr₃in CH₂Cl₂ (1 M, 93.7 mL, 93.7 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirredovernight at room temperature. The solution was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (200mL), washed with water, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered andconcentrated under reduced pressure generating the title compound (6.2g, 36.0 mmol, 96%) as a light yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 11.02 (s, 1H), 9.83 (s, 1H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 7.14 (d,J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 5.71 (s, 1H).

3-(3-Benzyloxy-propoxy)-5-chloro-2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde

To a solution of 5-chloro-2,3-dihydroxy-benzaldehyde (3.1 g, 17.7 mmol)in anhydrous DMSO (20 mL) was added NaH (60% in mineral oil, 1.50 g,35.4 mmol) portion-wise and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes. Thesolution was cooled to 0° C. and a solution of3-benzyloxy-1-bromopropane (3.1 mL, 17.7 mmol) in DMSO (3 mL) was addeddropwise over 10 minutes period. The ice bath was removed. Afterovernight, the solution was diluted with EtOAc (100 mL), washed withwater, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reducedpressure. The product was purified by silica gel column chromatography(2:1 hexanes-EtOAc mobile phase) generating the title compound (5.3 g,16.6 mmol, 94%) as a light yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δppm 10.81 (s, 1H), 9.87 (s, 1H), 7.42-7.28 (m, 5H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 7.08(s, 1H), 4.53 (s, 2H), 4.17 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 3.69 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H),2.15 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H).

Trifluoro-methanesulfonic acid2-(3-benzyloxy-propoxy)-4-chloro-6-formyl-phenyl ester

To a solution of 3-(3-benzyloxy-propoxy)-5-chloro-2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde(5.3 g, 16.6 mmol) and pyridine (3.4 mL, 41.5 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (70 mL) at0° C. was added Tf₂O (3.1 mL, 18.3 mmol) drop-wise over 5 minutes periodand the reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h at room temperature. Thesolution was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL), washed with water, brine,dried over Na₂SO₄, then concentrated under reduced pressure. The productwas purified by silica gel column chromatography (2:1 hexanes-EtOAcmobile phase) generating the title compound (3.8 g, 8.5 mmol, 51%) as alight yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 10.18 (s, 1H),7.48 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.37-7.29 (m, 6H), 4.52 (s, 2H), 4.23 (t, J=6.2Hz, 2H), 3.69 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 2.16 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H); ¹⁹F NMR (376MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm −73.23 (s).

3-(3-Benzyloxy-propoxy)-5-chloro-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzaldehyde

To a solution of trifluoro-methanesulfonic acid2-(3-benzyloxy-propoxy)-4-chloro-6-formyl-phenyl ester (3.8 g, 8.4 mmol)in anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (50 mL) was added bis(pinacolato)diborane (4.3g, 16.9 mmol) and KOAc (2.5 g, 25.4 mmol) successively and the resultingsolution was degassed with N₂ for 20 minutes. PdCl₂(dppf) (0.5 g, 0.67mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred overnight at 90°C. The solution was diluted with EtOAc (100 mL), washed with water,brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reducedpressure. The product was purified by silica gel column chromatography(4:1 hexanes-EtOAc mobile phase) generating the title compound (3.4 g,7.8 mmol, 92%) as a colorless oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm9.87 (s, 1H), 7.40-7.28 (m, 6H), 7.03 (br s, 1H), 4.50 (s, 2H), 4.09 (t,J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.70-3.60 (m, 2H), 2.10 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 1.42 (s, 12H).

7-(3-Benzyloxy-propoxy)-5-chloro-3-nitromethyl-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol

To a solution of3-(3-benzyloxy-propoxy)-5-chloro-2-(4,4,5-trimethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzaldehyde(3.4 g, 7.8 mmol) and nitromethane (1.7 mL, 31.3 mmol) in THF (20 mL)was added a solution of NaOH (0.025 M, 40 mL). After 12 h, 2 N HCl wasadded until pH was 1. The solution was diluted with EtOAc (150 mL),washed with water, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated underreduced pressure. The product was purified by silica gel columnchromatography (4:1 hexanes-EtOAc mobile phase) to give the titlecompound product (1.7 g, 56%) as a colorless gel. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 7.39-7.28 (m, 5H), 6.92 (s, 1H), 6.83 (s, 1H), 5.85(br s, 1H), 5.81 (dd, J=8.5, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.70 (dd, J=13.2, 3.9 Hz, 1H),4.59 (s, 2H), 4.47 (dd, J=13.0, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.21-4.07 (m, 2 H),3.71-3.60 (m, 2H), 2.10 (quin, J=5.7 Hz, 2H).

5-Chloro-7-(3-hydroxy-propoxy)-3-nitromethyl-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol

7-(3-Benzyloxy-propoxy)-5-chloro-3-nitromethyl-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol(0.3 g, 0.91 mmol) in MeOH (30 mL) was added conc HCl (1 mL) and Pd(OH)₂(10% w/w on carbon, 0.2 g) and the reaction vessel was pressurized to 40psi with hydrogen for 30 minutes at room temperature. The mixture wasfiltered through a pad of Celite® and washed with EtOAc. The filtratewas concentrated in vacuo and the product was purified by prep. HPLC(C18column, using acetonitrile and 0.1% AcOH/water solution gradient)provided the title compound (80 mg, 33%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δppm 9.19 (s, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 5.71 (dd, J=8.9, 2.3 Hz,1H), 5.32 (dd, J=13.2, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (dd, J=13.6, 8.9 Hz, 1H), 4.53(t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.57 (q, J=5.5 Hz, 2H), 1.86(t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H).

3-Aminomethyl-5-chloro-7-(3-hydroxy-propoxy)-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-olhydrochloride

To a5-chloro-7-(3-hydroxy-propoxy)-3-nitromethyl-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol7 (80 mg, 0.27 mmol) in methanolic ammonia solution (2 M, 20 mL) wasadded Ra/Ni (˜0.1 g, 2800 Nickel slurry in water) and the reactionvessel was pressurized to 40 psi with hydrogen overnight at roomtemperature. The mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite® andwashed with EtOAc. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and to theresulting residue was added water (1 mL), followed by conc HCl to pH 1.The heterogeneous mixture was lyophilized providing the title compoundas a hygroscopic ivory solid (79 mg, quantitative). ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 7.20 (s, 1H), 6.99 (s, 1H), 5.28 (dd, J=8.0, 2.5 Hz, 1H),4.13 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.59 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.47 (dd, J=13.0, 2.5Hz, 1H), 2.89 (dd, J=13.2, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 1.89 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H); MS (ESI)m/z=272 (M+1, positive); HPLC purity: 96.83% (MaxPlot 200-400 nm),95.40% (220 nm).

P.3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-hydroxy-propoxy)-6-methoxy-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-olhydrochloride

3-(3-Benzyloxy-propoxy)-2-bromo-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde

Synthesized according to the methods of general procedure 4 in U.S. Pat.Pub. No. 20090227541 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/142,692) usingthe following reactants and amounts:2-bromo-3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde (1.0 g, 4.32 mmol),(3-bromo-propoxymethyl)-benzene (0.76 mL, 4.32 mmol), cesium carbonate(2.11 g, 6.5 mmol), DMF (30 mL). Purification: flash chromatography (10%EtOAc/hexanes): yield 1.54 g (95%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm):10.26 (s, 1H), 7.73 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.18 (m, 5H), 6.95 (d, J=8.6Hz, 1H), 4.56 (s, 2H), 4.14 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.77 (t,J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 2.15 (quin, J=6.5 Hz, 2H); MS (ESI): m/z=381 (M+1,positive).

3-(3-Benzyloxy-propoxy)-4-methoxy-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzaldehyde

Synthesized according to the methods of general procedure 5 in U.S. Pat.Pub. No. 20090227541 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/142,692) usingthe following reactants and amounts:3-(3-benzyloxy-propoxy)-2-bromo-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde (14.82 g, 39mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboran (14.86 g, 58.5 mmol), KOAc (11.46 g, 117mmol), PdCl₂(dppf) (8.5 g, 11.7 mmol), dioxane (200 mL). Purification:flash column chromatography (15% EtOAc/hexanes): yield 3.42 g (22%). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 9.79 (s, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H),7.40-7.24 (m, 5H), 6.98 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (s, 2H), 4.12 (t, J=6.4Hz, 2H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.69 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.10 (quin, J=6.5 Hz,2H), 1.44 (s, 12H).

7-(3-Benzyloxy-propoxy)-6-methoxy-3-nitromethyl-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol

Synthesized according to the methods of general procedure 8 in U.S. Pat.Pub. No. 20090227541 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/142,692) usingthe following reactants and amounts:3-(3-benzyloxy-propoxy)-4-methoxy-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzaldehyde(3.36 g, 7.88 mmol), nitromethane (1.28 mL, 23.66 mmol), NaOH (0.22 g,5.52 mmol), THF (6 mL), water (18 mL). Purification: flash columnchromatography (30% EtOAc/hexanes): yield 1.2 g (41%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm): 9.36 (s, 1H), 7.40-7.22 (m, 5H), 7.22-7.04 (m, 2H),5.68 (dd, J=9.4, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 5.29 (dd, J=13.4, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (dd,J=13.3, 9.4 Hz, 1H), 4.45 (s, 2H), 4.25 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H),3.61 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 1.92 (quin, J=6.5 Hz, 2H).

3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-hydroxy-propoxy)-6-methoxy-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol;hydrochloride

To a solution of7-(3-benzyloxy-propoxy)-6-methoxy-3-nitromethyl-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol(0.5 g, 1.29 mmol) in methanolic ammonia (10 mL) was added palladiumhydroxide (0.25 g, 45 wt %) in a hydrogenation bottle and the flask wascharged with hydrogen at 45 psi for 18 h. The catalyst was filtered offand the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. In order toassure all the ammonia has been stripped off, the compound was subjectedto the high vacuum for 1 h. The crude (0.4 g) obtained was furtherdissolved in methanol (15 mL) and transferred to a hydrogenation bottleand concentrated HCl (5-6 drops) was added to make it to pH 2. To thissolution palladium hydroxide (0.11 g, 25 wt %) was added and the flaskwas charged with hydrogen to 45 psi for 1.5 h. The catalyst was filteredoff through a pad of Celite and the solvent evaporated. Purification wasaccomplished by preparative HPLC generating 0.16 g (41%) of the titlecompound as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm): 8.06 (br.s, 1H), 7.17 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.12-7.02 (m, 1 H), 5.32 (dd, J=7.8, 2.3Hz, 1H), 4.46-4.27 (m, 2H), 4.14 (t, J=4.5 Hz, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.44(dd, J=13.3, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (dd, J=13.3, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 2.08-1.94 (m,2H); MS (ESI): m/z=268 (M+1, positive); HPLC purity: 95.35% (MaxPlot200-400 nm), 97.48% (220 nm).

Q.3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-hydroxy-propoxy)-6-methyl-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol;hydrochloride

1,2-Dimethoxy-3-methyl-benzene

To a cooled (0° C.) solution of 1,2-dimethoxy-3-methylbenzene (2.05 g,13.45 mmol) and TMEDA (2.8 mL, 18.83 mmol) in diethyl ether (100 mL) wasadded t-butyllithium (1.7 M in pentane, 9.5 mL, 16.14 mmol). The colorof the solution changed to light yellow and after a few minutes a whiteprecipitate was observed. The suspension was stirred at room temperaturefor 18 h, cooled to 0° C. and dimethylformamide (2.08 mL, 26.90 mmol)was added dropwise. The precipitate disappeared and the color of thesolution changed to light pink. After stirring for 0.5 h, ice was addedfollowed by 1N HCl (30 mL), the compound was extracted into ethylacetate, dried (Na₂SO₄) and the solvent was evaporated to obtain lightbrown oil. Purification by flash column chromatography (5% EtOAc/hexane)generated the title compound: yield 1.4 g (58%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)δ (ppm): 10.34 (s, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H),4.00 (s, 3H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 2.33 (s, 3 H). MS (ESI): m/z=181 (M+1,positive).

2,3-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-benzaldehyde

To a solution of 1,2-dimethoxy-3-methyl-benzene (13.8 g, 76.66 mmol)cooled to −30° C. (dry ice/acetone) in dichloromethane (200 mL) wasadded boron trichloride (230 mL, 230 mmol) dropwise and the mixture wasleft to stir overnight at room temperature. The solution was cooled to0° C. and ice/water was added carefully, and then extracted with excessof dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with water, dried(Na₂SO₄) and the solvent was evaporated. Purification by silica gelcolumn chromatography (10-20% EtOAc/hexane) gave the title compound as acrystalline solid: yield 9.2 g (80%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm):11.11 (s, 1H), 9.82 (s, 1H), 7.05 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (d, J=8.6 Hz,1H), 5.67 (s, 1H), 2.33 (s, 3H).

3-(3-Benzyloxy-propoxy)-2-hydroxy-4-methyl-benzaldehyde

Synthesized according to the methods of general procedure 4 in U.S. Pat.Pub. No. 20090227541 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/142,692) usingthe following reactants and amounts: 2,3-dihydroxy-4-methyl-benzaldehyde(9 g, 59.21 mmol), (3-bromo-propoxymethyl)-benzene (11.5 mL, 65.13mmol), sodium tert-butoxide (12.52 g, 130.26 mmol) and DMSO (100 mL).Purification: flash column chromatography (5-10% EtOAc/hexane): yield15.1 g (85%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 11.05 (s, 1H), 9.84 (s,1H), 7.38-7.26 (m, 5H), 7.20 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H),4.55 (s, 2H), 4.15 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 3.73 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 2.31 (s,3H), 2.19-2.00 (m, 2H).

Trifluoro-methanesulfonic acid2-(3-benzyloxy-propoxy)-6-formyl-3-methyl-phenyl ester

Synthesized according to the methods of general procedure 6 in U.S. Pat.Pub. No. 20090227541 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/142,692) usingthe following reactants and amounts:3-(3-Benzyloxy-propoxy)-2-hydroxy-4-methyl-benzaldehyde (0.3 g, 1.0mmol), trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (0.34 mL, 2.0 mmol), pyridine (0.25mL, 3.1 mmol), dichloromethane (15 mL). Purification: flash columnchromatography (10-15% EtOAc/hexane): yield 0.25 g (59%). ¹H NMR (400MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 10.14 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.42-7.29(m, 6H), 4.53 (s, 2H), 4.07 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.71 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H),2.40 (s, 3H), 2.07-2.22 (m, 2H). ¹⁹F NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm):−73.63 (s).

3-(3-Benzyloxy-propoxy)-4-methyl-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzaldehyde

Synthesized according to the methods of general procedure 5 in U.S. Pat.Pub. No. 20090227541 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/142,692) usingthe following reactants and amounts: trifluoro-methanesulfonic acid2-(3-benzyloxy-propoxy)-6-formyl-3-methyl-phenyl ester (0.26 g, 0.6mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboran (0.31 g, 1.2 mmol), KOAc (0.18 g, 1.8mmol), PdCl₂(dppf) (0.13 g, 0.18 mmol), THF (10 mL). Purification: flashcolumn chromatography (15% EtOAc/hexane): yield 0.091 g (36%). ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm): 9.89 (s, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H),7.40-7.25 (m, 6H), 4.52 (s, 2H), 4.02 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.70 (t, J=6.2Hz, 2H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.20-2.08 (m, 2H), 1.45 (s, 12H).

7-(3-Benzyloxy-propoxy)-6-methyl-3-nitromethyl-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol

Synthesized according to the methods of general procedure 8 in U.S. Pat.Pub. No. 20090227541 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/142,692) usingthe following reactants and amounts:3-(3-benzyloxy-propoxy)-4-methyl-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzaldehyde(1.14 g, 2.78 mmol), nitromethane (0.45 mL, 8.34 mmol), NaOH (0.78 g,1.95 mmol), THF (3 mL) and water (9 mL). Purification: flash columnchromatography (25% EtOAc/hexanes): yield 0.42 g (41%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm): 9.41 (s, 1H), 7.37-7.18 (m, 6H), 7.03 (d, J=7.8 Hz,1H), 5.69 (dd, J=9.2, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 5.28 (dd, J=13.7, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 4.52(dd, J=13.3, 9.4 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (s, 2H), 4.33 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.58 (t,J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 2.01-1.87 (m, 2H). MS (ESI): m/z=370 (M−1,negative).

3-Aminomethyl-7-(3-hydroxy-propoxy)-6-methyl-3H benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol hydrochloride

To a solution of7-(3-benzyloxy-propoxy)-6-methyl-3-nitromethyl-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol(0.42 g, 1.13 mmol) in methanolic ammonia (15 mL) was added palladiumhydroxide (0.2 g, 45 wt %) in a hydrogenation bottle and the flask wascharged with hydrogen at 45 psi for 18 h. The catalyst was filtered offand the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. In order toassure all the ammonia has been stripped off, the compound was subjectedto the high vacuum for 1 h. The crude (0.38 g) obtained was furtherdissolved in methanol (15 mL) and transferred to a hydrogenation bottleand concentrated HCl (5-6 drops) was added to make it to pH 2. To thissolution palladium hydroxide (0.1 g, 25 wt %) was added and the flaskwas charged with hydrogen at 45 psi for 1.5 h. The catalyst was filteredoff through a pad of Celite and the solvent evaporated. Purification bypreparative HPLC provided 0.12 g (39%) of the title compound as a whitesolid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm): 8.40 (s, 1H), 7.12 (d, J=7.4Hz, 1H), 6.80 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 5.08-4.91 (m, 1 H), 4.49-4.21 (m, 2H),3.64 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 3.17 (dd, J=12.9, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 2.66 (dd, J=12.7,8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.81 (quin, J=5.7 Hz, 2H). MS (ESI): m/z=252(M+1, positive); HPLC purity: 98.25% (MaxPlot 200-400 nm), 98.39% (220nm).

R.3-Aminomethyl-6-fluoro-7-(3-hydroxy-propoxy)-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol;hydrochloride salt

4-Fluoro-2,3-dihydroxy-benzaldehyde

To a solution of 3-fluoro-benzene-1,2-diol (20 g, 156 mmol) in anhydrousacetonitrile (400 mL) was added magnesium chloride (37.1 g, 312 mmol),paraformaldehyde (31.6 g) and triethylamine (134 mL, 975 mmol). Thereaction mixture was heated at 80° C. for 8 h. The reaction mixture wascooled to room temperature and the solid was collected by filtration.The solid was treated with cold 2 N HCl and the aqueous layer wasextracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was concentrated in vacuoyielding 20.4 g of crude. After a second run 40.8 g of crude wasdissolved in DMF (1 L), cooled to 0° C., added to Cs₂CO₃ (340 g, 1.04mol) portion-wise. Then methyl iodide (330 mL, 5.28 mol) was added.After warming to room temperature and stirring overnight the solutionwas filtered, ethyl acetate was added and the organic layer was washedwith water (3×). After concentration in vacuo the product was purifiedby Biotage silica gel chromatography (2% to 3% to 10% to 20%EtOAc/hexanes) resulting in 14.8 g of dimethoxy compound. This materialwas dissolved in DCM and cooled to −30° C. and BCl₃ (1 M in DCM, 134 mL,0.1343 mol) was added to the solution at −30° C. After overnight at roomtemperature, the solution was cooled to −70° C. and BBr₃ (1 M in DCM,67.25 mL, 0.067 mol) was added. After overnight warming to roomtemperature, the solution was cooled in an ice bath and slowly ice waterwas added. The DCM layer was separated and the aqueous layer wasextracted with DCM (2×). The combined organic layer was extracted withbrine (2×), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Aftertriturating the residue obtained with hexanes/DCM (6:4) the 5.60 g (11%yield) of the title compound obtained was a brownish pink solid. Thismaterial was used in the next step without further purification. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm): 11.36 (s, 1H), 9.83 (s, 1H), 7.16-7.13 (m,1H), 6.82-6.78 (m, 1H), 5.48 (brs, 1H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆ withD₂O) δ (ppm): −119.03-−119.08 (m, 1F).

3-(3-Benzyloxy-propoxy)-4-fluoro-2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde

Synthesized according to the methods of general procedure 4 in U.S. Pat.Pub. No. 20090227541 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/142,692) usingthe following reactants and amounts: 4-fluoro-2,3-dihydroxy-benzaldehyde(5.15 g, 32.9 mmol), NaOtBu (6.95 g, 72.3 mmol), DMSO (200 mL),(3-bromo-propoxymethyl)-benzene (8.31 g, 36.3 mmol). Purification:Biotage silica gel chromatography (hexanes/ethyl acetate gradient)generated 4.00 g of a mixture of the title compound and the dialkylatedproduct. This material was used in the next step without furtherpurification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm): 10.13 (s, 1H),7.66-7.54 (m, 5H), 7.53-7.33 (m, 1H), 6.92-6.90 (m, 1H), 4.53 (s, 2H),4.52-4.44 (m, 2H), 3.71-3.62 (m, 2H), 2.18-2.13 (m, 2H). ¹⁹F NMR (376MHz, DMSO-d₆ with D₂O) δ (ppm): −121.03-−121.08 (m, 1F).

3-(3-Benzyloxy-propoxy)-4-fluoro-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzaldehyde

Synthesized according to the methods of general procedure 6 in U.S. Pat.Pub. No. 20090227541 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/142,692) usingthe following reactants and amounts:3-(3-benzyloxy-propoxy)-4-fluoro-2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (4.00 g, 13.1mmol), pyridine (2.34 mL, 28.9 mmol), DCM (100 mL), triflate anhydride(2.21 mL, 13.5 mmol). Purification: Biotage silica gel chromatography(hexanes/ethyl acetate gradient) generated 2.00 g of triflate that wasused immediately according to general procedure 5 in U.S. Pat. Pub. No.20090227541 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/142,692).

Synthesized according to the methods of general procedure 5 in U.S. Pat.Pub. No. 20090227541 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/142,692) usingthe following reactants and amounts: trifluoro-methanesulfonic acid2-(3-benzyloxy-propoxy)-3-fluoro-6-formyl-phenyl ester (2.0 g, 4.57mmol), THF (15 mL), B₂pin₂ (2.20 g, 8.66 mmol), KOAc (1.60 g, 16.3mmol), PdCl₂(dppf)DCM (0.40 g, 0.55 mmol). Purification: Biotage silicagel chromatography (hexanes/ethyl acetate gradient) generated 0.50 g(26% yield) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm):9.86 (s, 1H), 7.51 (dd, J=8.2, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.31 (m, 5H), 7.21 (dd,J=11.0, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (s, 2H), 4.24 (td, J=6.5, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 3.67(t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 2.11-2.07 (m, 2H); 1.33 (s, 12H); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz,DMSO-d₆ with D₂O) δ (ppm): −120.3-−121.1 (m, 1F).

7-(3-Benzyloxy-propoxy)-6-fluoro-3-nitromethyl-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol

Synthesized according to the methods of general procedure 8 in U.S. Pat.Pub. No. 20090227541 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/142,692) usingthe following reactants and amounts:3-(3-benzyloxy-propoxy)-4-fluoro-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzaldehyde(0.40 g, 0.966 mmol), nitromethane (0.15 mL, 2.89 mmol), NaOH (0.038 g,0.96 mmol), THF (10 mL), water (10 mL). This generated 0.34 g (94%yield) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ (ppm): 9.83(s, 1H), 7.32-7.02 (m, 7H), 5.78-5.75 (m, 1H), 5.28-5.23 (m, 1H),4.60-4.56 (m, 1H), 4.42 (s, 2H), 4.37 (brs, 2H), 3.57 (brs, 2H), 1.92(brs, 2H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆ with D₂O) δ (ppm): −132.3 (1F).

3-Aminomethyl-6-fluoro-7-(3-hydroxy-propoxy)-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol;hydrochloride salt

To a mixture of7-(3-benzyloxy-propoxy)-6-fluoro-3-nitromethyl-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol(0.34 g, 0.906 mmol) and methanolic ammonia (2M, 20 mL) in a Parrapparatus was added Pd(OH)₂ on carbon (0.30 g). The apparatus wascharged with hydrogen (˜40 psi) and was shaken overnight at rt. Thesuspension was filtered through Celite® with methanol washing and wasconcentrated in vacuo. The 310 mg of cream colored solid was dissolvedin methanol (20 mL), transferred to Parr apparatus and the pH wasadjusted to ˜3 with a few drops of concentrated HCl. Then Pd(OH)₂ oncarbon (0.20 g) was added and the apparatus was charged with hydrogen(˜40 psi). After 35 minutes, the suspension was filtered through Celite®with methanol washing and was concentrated in vacuo. Purification wasaccomplished by reverse phase preparative HPLC (acetonitrile/water (0.1%AcOH) gradient) generating 100 mg (43% yield) of the title compound as awhite solid. mp 265-267° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆ with D₂O) δ (ppm):7.41 (dd, J=11.1, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (dd, J=7.9, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 5.29 (d,J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.62 (br. s, 2H), 3.45 (d, J=12.9Hz, 1H), 2.92-2.86 (m, 1H), 1.93-1.83 (m, 2H); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆with D₂O) δ (ppm): −135.0 (1F); MS (ESI) m/z=256 (M+1, positive); HPLCpurity: 98.57% (MaxPlot 200-400 nm), 97.28% (220 nm).

S. 3-Aminomethyl-7-ethoxy-6-methoxy-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol;hydrochloric acid salt

2-Bromo-3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde

Ethyl bromide (2.88 g, 26.4 mmol) was added to a mixture of2-bromo-3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (5.08 g, 22 mmol) and potassiumcarbonate (4.56 g, 33 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (50 mL) at room temperatureunder nitrogen. The reaction mixture was stirred at 35° C. for 18 h,diluted with EtOAc (150 mL), washed with water (2×50 mL), brine, driedover Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to give crude product as a white solid.Purification by silica column chromatography (eluant: 30% EtOAc inHexanes) to generate 5.65 g (99% yield) of the title compound as a whitesolid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 10.26 (s, 1H), 7.73 (d, J=8.4 Hz,1H), 6.95 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 1.46(t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z=261 (M+1, positive).

[3-Ethoxy-4-methoxy-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzaldehyde

Synthesized according to the methods of general procedure 5 in U.S. Pat.Pub. No. 20090227541 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/142,692) usingthe following reactants and amounts:2-bromo-3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde (4 g, 15.43 mmol), KOAc (4.55 g,46.29 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (7.84 g, 30.86 mmol). PdCl₂(dppf)(0.91 g, 1.24 mmol) in dry dioxane (90 mL). The crude product waspurified by silica gel column chromatography (eluant: EtOAc/hexanes 1:9then 1:3) to afford the title compound as a white solid (1.50 g, 32%yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ (ppm) 9.71 (s, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=8.4 Hz,1H), 6.89 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 1.38(s, 12H), 1.35 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H).

7-Ethoxy-6-methoxy-3-nitromethyl-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol

Synthesized according to the methods of general procedure 9 in U.S. Pat.Pub. No. 20090227541 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/142,692) usingthe following reactants and amounts:[3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzaldehyde(1.47 g, 4.80 mmol), nitromethane (0.92 g, 14.4 mmol), CATBr (88 mg,0.24 mmol) in dry THF (20 mL) and NaOH (0.025 M aqueous solution).Purification by silica gel column chromatography (eluant: 10%EtOAc/hexane to 30% EtOAc/hexane) to obtain the title compound as ayellow solid (0.75 g, 59%). ¹H NMR {400 MHz, DMSO-d₆+D₂O (0.01 ml)} δ(ppm) 9.34 (s, 1H), 7.18 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.68(dd, J=9.2, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.29 (dd, J=13.2, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.55-4.50 (m,1H), 4.20 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 1.27 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H); MS(ESI) m/z=261 (M−1, negative).

3-Aminomethyl-7-ethoxy-6-methoxy-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol;hydrochloride salt

Synthesized according to the methods of general procedure 13 in U.S.Pat. Pub. No. 20090227541 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/142,692)using the following reactants and amounts:7-Ethoxy-6-methoxy-3-nitromethyl-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol (0.97 g,3.63 mmol), glacial acetic acid (20 mL), Pd(OH)₂ on carbon (20% metalcontent, 50% weight-wet) (300 mg). Purification: preparative HPLC(C18column, using acetonitrile and 0.1% AcOH/water solution) provided thetitle compound (0.28 g; 28% yield). m.p. 202-204° C. ¹H NMR {400 MHz,CD₃OD) δ (ppm) 7.20 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.40 (dd,J=8.4, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.31 (s, 3H), 3.56 (dd,J=13.6, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.92 (dd, J=13.2, 7.2 Hz 1H), 1.33 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H);MS (ESI) m/z=238 (M+1, positive); HPLC purity: 98.79% (MaxPlot 200-400nm) and 99.13% (220 nm).

T. 3-Aminomethyl-7-ethoxy-6-fluoro-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol;hydrochloride salt

4-Fluoro-2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde

To a solution at −78° C. of 2,3-dimethoxy-4-fluorobenzaldehyde (7.0 g,38.0 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (150 mL) was added dropwise BBr₃ (23.8g, 95.0 mmol) in dichloromethane (30 mL). Reaction mixture was allowedto attain room temperature and stirred for 18 h. Then reaction mixturewas cooled to −78° C., and quenched with a mixture of methanol (10 mL)and water (50 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 30 min.Precipitated solid was separated by filtration and washed with colddichloromethane. Dichloromethane layer was concentrated to yield thetitle compound as a solid (5.2 g, 88%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δppm: 11.38 (s, 1H), 9.84 (s, 1H), 7.15 (dd, J=8.6, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (t,J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 5.47 (s, 1H); MS (ESI) m/z=155 (M−1, negative).

3-Ethoxy-4-fluoro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

To a solution of 2,3-dihydroxy-4-fluorobenzaldehyde (3.0 g, 19.23 mmol)in DMSO (100 mL), NaOBu-t (3.692 g, 38.46 mmol) was added in portions atroom temperature and stirred for 15 min. Then iodoethane was addeddropwise at room temperature and stirred for 18 h. The reaction mixturewas poured onto crushed ice (200 mL) and acidified with 2.5 M HCl to pH3.0. The product was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 mL),concentrated and the product was chromatographed on a column of silicagel (Hex:EtOAc=95:5) to give the title compound as a crystalline solid(2.3 g, 65%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm: 11.36 (s, 1H), 9.83(s, 1H), 7.39-7.19 (m, 1H), 6.77 (t, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (q, J=7.0 Hz,2H), 1.40 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z=183 (M+1, positive).

Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid 2-ethoxy-3-fluoro-6-formyl-phenyl ester

To a mixture of 3-ethoxy-4-fluoro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (2.208 g, 12.0mmol) and pyridine (1.986 g, 24.0 mmol) in dichloromethane (30.0 mL) at0° C. was added dropwise trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (4.060, 14.4mmol) in dichloromethane (5.0 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at0° C. for 2 h and room temperature for 3 h. Then diluted withdichloromethane (40 mL), washed with 2M HCl, brine and dried overanhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressureto give the title compound as a light yellow liquid (3.3 g, 87%). ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm: 10.15 (s, 1H), 7.66 (dd, J=8.6, 5.5 Hz,1H), 7.28-7.22 (m, 1H), 4.36 (q, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 1.47 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H).

3-Ethoxy-4-fluoro-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzaldehyde

To a solution of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid2-ethoxy-3-fluoro-6-formyl-phenyl ester (2.2 g, 6.96 mmol) in dry THF(35.0 mL) bis(pinacolato)diboron (2.134 g, 8.4 mmol), PdCl₂(dppf) (367mg, 0.5 mmol) and potassium acetate (1.372 g, 14.0 mmol) were added andpurged with nitrogen for 15 min. The reaction mixture was heated underreflux for 24 h. Cooled to room temperature and diluted with ethylacetate (40 mL) and filtered through Celite. The solvent was removedunder reduced pressure and the residue was chromatographed on a columnof silica gel (Hex:EtOAc=9:1) to give the title compound as an off-whitesolid (850.0 mg, 42%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm: 9.87 (s,1H), 7.51 (dd, J=8.2, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (dd, J=10.9, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.20(q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.46 (s, 12H), 1.40 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI)m/z=295 (M+1, positive).

7-Ethoxy-6-fluoro-3-nitromethyl-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol

To a cooled solution of sodium hydroxide (80 mg, 2.0 mmol) in water (3.0mL), nitromethane (244.0 mg, 4.0 mmol) was added at 0° C. and stirredfor 10 min. Then3-ethoxy-4-fluoro-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-benzaldehyde(588.0 mg, 2.0 mmol) in THF (5.0 mL) was added. The reaction mixture wasstirred at for 1 h at 0° C. and for 2 h at room temperature. Thereaction mixture was acidified with 2.5 M HCl (1.0 mL) and the productwas extracted with ethyl acetate (2×20 mL). The organic extracts werecombined and washed with brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate.The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and product waschromatographed on a column of silica gel(CH₂Cl₂:MeOH=95:5) to give thetitle compound as a solid (350 mg, 69%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δppm: 7.40 (dd, J=11.3, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (dd, J=8.0, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 5.74(d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.30 (dd, J=13.5, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (dd, J=13.5, 9.2Hz, 1H), 4.35 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.28 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 3H); MS (ESI)m/z=254 (M−1, negative).

3-Aminomethyl-7-ethoxy-6-fluoro-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol;hydrochloride salt

To a solution of7-ethoxy-6-fluoro-3-nitromethyl-3H-benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1-ol (320.0 mg,1.25 mmol) in methanol (5.0 mL), 5.0 mL of 2M ammonia in methanol and160 mg of Pd(OH)₂ on C were added and hydrogenated at 45 PSI for 18 h.Catalyst was removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated togenerating an off-white solid (250 mg). This solid was dissolved inmethanol (3 mL) and 3.0 mL of 1.2 M HCl in methanol was added andstirred at room temperature for 3 h. Excess HCl and solvent were removedunder reduced pressure and the product was triturated with ether to givethe title compound as an off-white solid (140 mg, 43%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 9.43 (s, 1H), 8.13 (br. s., 3H), 7.40 (dd, J=11.5, 8.0Hz, 1H), 7.16 (dd, J=7.8, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 5.32 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (q,J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.43 (br. s., 1H), 2.92 (br. s., 1H), 1.29 (t, J=7.0 Hz,3H); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm −135 (s, 1F); MS (ESI) m/z=226(M+1, positive); HPLC purity: 95.81% (MaxPlot 200-400 nm), 94.73% (220nm).

U. 3-(Aminomethyl)-5-chloro-7-ethoxybenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol

4-Chloro-2-ethoxy-6-formylphenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate

To a solution of 3-ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (20 g, 120.4 mmol) inAcOH (200 mL) was added N-chlorosuccinimide (16.1 g, 120.4 mmol). Thereaction mixture was heated up to 105° C. for 30 min. After cooled downto room temperature, the mixture was stirred for additional 2.5 h.Subsequently, 200 mL of water was added slowly over 10 min. The mixturewas filtered and dried to give a yellow solid, which was recrystallizedin ethanol to give 4 g of the target compound (4 g, 17% yield).

4-Chloro-2-ethoxy-6-formylphenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate

To a solution of 5-chloro-3-ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (2.0 g, 10.0mmol) in pyridine (2 mL) and DCM (20 mL) at 0° C. was dropwise addedtrifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (1 mL). The reaction was stirred for1 h at 0° C. before quenched with ice-water. The organic layer waswashed with sat. aqueous NaHCO₃ (20 mL) and brine (20 mL), dried overanhydrous Na₂SO₄ and then concentrated in vacuo. The residue waspurified by column chromatography on silica gel to give target compound(2.0 g, yield: 60%).

5-Chloro-3-ethoxy-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzaldehyde

A mixture of 4-chloro-2-ethoxy-6-formylphenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate(330 mg, 1 mmol), KOAc (350 mg, 2.0 mmol), bis(pinacolato)diborane (600mg, 2.0 mmol) and PdCl₂(dppf)CH₂Cl₂ (65 mg, 0.08 mmol, 8 mol %) indioxane (30 mL) was degassed for 15 min with N₂ and stirred at 100° C.for 3 h. After quenched with ice-water, the reaction mixture wasextracted with EtOAc (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washedwith sat. aqueous NaHCO₃ (20 mL) and brine (20 mL), dried over anhydrousNa₂SO₄ and then concentrated. The residue was purified by columnchromatography on silica gel to give the compound (150 mg, yield: 43%).

5-Chloro-7-ethoxy-3-(nitromethyl)benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol

The mixture of5-chloro-3-ethoxy-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzaldehyde(310 mg, 1 mmol), NaOH (40 mg, 1 mmol) and CTAB (5 mg, 0.05 mmol) in H₂O(2 mL) and THF (10 mL) was stirred for 0.5 h at room temperature. Afterdropwise addition of nitromethane (0.2 mL, 2 mmol), the reaction mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 3 h. Then the cyclization wasafforded by adding the diluted aqueous HCl solution (2 N) to pH=2 andthen extracted with EtOAc (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers werewashed with brine (25 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentratedto dryness. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give the compound(100 mg, yield: 56%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.20 (s, 1H), 7.22 (s,1H), 6.96 (s, 1H), 5.69-5.72 (m, 1H), 5.30-5.34 (m, 1H), 4.61-4.67 (m,1H), 4.10-4.15 (m, 2H), 1.31-1.34 (m, 3H);

3-(Aminomethyl)-5-chloro-7-ethoxybenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol

A mixture of5-chloro-7-ethoxy-3-(nitromethyl)benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol (270 mg,1.0 mmol), Raney-Ni (˜125 mg) and 2 M NH₃ in EtOH (2 mL) in EtOH (10 mL)was shaken under an atmosphere of H₂ for 2 h at room temperature. Themixture was filtered through a bed of Celite and the filtrate wasconcentrated in vacuo. The crude amine was dissolved in EtOAc (2 mL) andHCl solution in Et₂O (20 mL) was added immediately. After 1 h, thesuspension was filtered and the resulting solid was washed with hexanesto give compound the target compound (100 mg, yield: 43%). ¹HNMR (400MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.06 (s, 1H), 8.18 (s, 3H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 6.96 (s, 1H),5.27-5.29 (m, 1H), 4.10-4.13 (m, 2H), 3.40-3.47 (m, 1H), 2.87-2.92 (m,1H), 1.30-1.36 (m, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z=242 [M+H]⁺.

V. (S)-3-(aminomethyl)-4-bromo-7-ethoxybenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-olhydrochloride Step 1: tert-butyl(7-ethoxy-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-3-yl)methyl-carbamate

To the mixture of 3-(aminomethyl)-7-ethoxybenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-olhydrochloride salt (5.0 g, 20.5 mmol) and triethylamine (10.4 g, 103.0mmol) in dichloromethane (250 mL) at 0° C. was added di-tert-butyldicarbonate (6.7 g, 30.8 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 4 h at roomtemperature. After the reaction was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ (500 mL),the resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×300 mL), and thecombined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by flash-columnchromatography (2.5% to 5.0% MeOH in DCM) to give the product (5.51 g,yield 87%).

Step 2: tert-butyl(4-bromo-7-ethoxy-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-3-yl)-methylcarbamate

To the solution of tert-butyl(7-ethoxy-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-3-yl)methyl-carbamate(5.5 g, 17.9 mmol) and 1-bromopyrrolidine-2,5-dione (3.8 g, 21.5 mmol)in CH₃CN (1100 mL) was added 2,2′-Azobis(2-methylpropionitrile (220 mg).The mixture was stirred for 1 h at 90° C. The reaction mixture was thenconcentrated in high vacuum and the residue was purified by columnchromatography (2.5% to 5.0% MeOH in DCM) to give the product (3.7 g,yield 54%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 8.90 (s, 1H), 7.55-7.53 (d, 1H),6.85-6.82 (d, 1H), 5.08-5.07 (d, 1H), 4.11-4.07 (m, 2H), 3.82-3.79 (bd,1H), 3.06-3.03 (m, 1H), 1.39 (s, 9H), 1.30 (t, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z=387[M+H]⁺.

Step 3:(S)-3-(aminomethyl)-4-bromo-7-ethoxybenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-olhydrochloride

The mixture of tert-butyl(4-bromo-7-ethoxy-1-hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-3-yl)-methylcarbamate(3.7 g, 9.6 mmol) in 4N HCl in dioxane (12 ml, 48.0 mmol) was stirred atroom temperature for 2 h and then concentrated to dryness (water bath<30° C.). The residue was triturated with DCM/ether (1/10, 2×10 mL) andthe white solid was dried in high vacuum to give the product (2.96 g,yield: 92%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 9.11 (s, 1H), 8.1 (bs, 3H),7.63-7.60 (d, 1H), 6.92-6.89 (d, 1H), 5.27-5.24 (m, 1H), 4.12-4.05 (m,2H), 3.62-3.57 (m, 1H), 2.99-2.92 (m, 1H), 1.34-1.30 (t, 3H); MS (ESI)m/z=287 [M+H]⁺.

Example 2 LeuRS IC50 Testing

Experiments were performed in 96-well microtiter plates, using 80 μLreaction mixtures containing 50 mM HEPES-KOH (pH 8.0), 30 mM MgCl₂ and30 mM KCl, 13 μM [¹⁴C]leucine (306 mCi/mmol, Perkin-Elmer), 15 uM totalE. coli tRNA (Roche, Switzerland), 0.02% (w/v) BSA, 1 mM DTT, 0.2 μMLeuRS and 4 mM ATP at 30° C. Reactions were started by the addition of 4mM ATP. After 7 minutes, reactions were quenched and tRNA wasprecipitated by the addition of 50 μL of 10% (w/v) TCA and transferredto 96-well nitrocellulose membrane filter plates (Millipore MultiscreenHTS, MSHAN4B50). Each well was then washed three times with 100 μL of 5%TCA. Filter plates were then dried under a heat lamp and theprecipitated [¹⁴C]leucine tRNA^(Leu) was quantified by liquidscintillation counting using a Wallac MicroBeta Trilux model 1450 liquidscintillation counter (PerkinElmer, Waltham Mass.).

To determine the inhibitor concentration which reduces enzyme activityby 50% (IC₅₀), increasing concentrations of inhibitor were incubatedwith LeuRS enzyme, tRNA and leucine for 20 minutes. Reactions wereinitiated by the addition of 4 mM ATP and stopped after 7 minutes thenprecipitated and counted to quantify radioactivity.

Biochemical testing results for exemplary compounds of the invention areprovided in FIG. 1.

Example 3 Antibacterial MIC Testing

All MIC testing of bacteria followed the Clinical and LaboratoryStandards Institute (CLSI) guidelines for antimicrobial testing ofaerobic bacteria (Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial SusceptibilityTests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard—SeventhEdition)(M07-A7) and anaerobic bacteria (Methods for AntimicrobialSusceptibility Testing of Anaerobic Bacteria; Approved Standard—SeventhEdition) (M11-A7).

Antibacterial MIC testing results for exemplary compounds of theinvention are provided in FIG. 1.

Example 4 Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA)

The microplate alamar blue assay (MABA) was essentially performed asdescribed by Collins, L., et al., Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:1004-1009 (1997). For example, black, clear-bottomed 96-well microplates(black view plates; Packard Instrument Company, Meriden, Conn.) with theouter perimeter wells filled with sterile water to prevent dehydrationin experimental wells. Initial drug dilutions were prepared in dimethylsulfoxide and subsequent two fold dilutions were performed in 0.1 ml of7H9GC (no Tween 80) in the microplates. Frozen inocula were initiallydiluted 1:20 in BACTEC 12B medium followed by a 1:50 dilution in 7H9GC.Addition of 100 μL to wells resulted in final bacterial titers ofbetween 2.0×10⁵ and 5×10⁴ CFU/mL for H37Rv and H37Ra, respectively.Wells containing drug only were used to detect autofluorescence ofcompounds plus additional control wells consisted of bacteria only (B)and medium only (M). Plates were incubated at 37° C. Starting at day 4of incubation, 20 μL of 10× alamar Blue solution (AlamarBiosciences/Accumed, Westlake, Ohio) and 12.5 μL of 20% Tween 80 wereadded to one B well and one M well, and plates were reincubated at 37°C. Wells were observed at 12 and 24 h for a color change from blue topink and for a reading of greater than or equal to 50,000 fluorescenceunits (FU). Fluorescence was measured in a Cytofluor II microplatefluorometer (PerSeptive Biosystems, Framingham, Mass.) in bottom-readingmode with excitation at 530 nm and emission at 590 nm. If the B wellsbecame pink by 24 h, reagent was added to the entire plate. If the wellremained blue or 50,000 FU was measured, additional M and B wells weretested daily until a color change occurred, at which time reagents wereadded to all remaining wells. Plates were then incubated at 37° C., andresults were recorded at 24 h post-reagent addition. Visual MICs weredefined as the lowest concentration of drug that prevented a colorchange. For fluorometric MICs, a background subtraction was performed onall wells with a mean of triplicate M wells. Percent inhibition wasdefined as 1-(test well FU/mean FU of triplicate B wells)×100. Thelowest drug concentration effecting an inhibition of 90% was consideredthe MIC.

Biochemical testing results for exemplary compounds of the invention areprovided in FIG. 1.

Example 5 Low Oxygen Recovery Assay (LORA)

The low-oxygen recovery assay (LORA) was essentially performed asdescribed by Cho et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51: 1380-1385(2007). A recombinant M. tuberculosis H₃₇R_(v) bearing luxAB on aplasmid, pFCA-luxAB, was used in all the LORA experiments. Frozenaliquots from a low oxygen adapted culture were thawed, diluted inMiddlebrook 7H12 broth (Middlebrook 7H9 broth containing 1 mg/mLCasitone, 5.6 μg/mL palmitic acid, 5 mg/mL bovine serum albumin, and 4μg/ml filter-sterilized catalase), and sonicated for 15s. The cultureswere diluted to obtain an A₅₇₀ of 0.03 to 0.05 and 3,000 to 7,000 RLUsper 100 μL. This corresponds to 5×10⁵ to 2×10⁶ CFU/mL. Twofold serialdilutions were prepared in a volume 100 μL in black 96-well microtiterplates, and 100 μL of the cell suspension was added. For LORA, themicroplate cultures were placed under anaerobic conditions (oxygenconcentration, less than 0.16%) by using an Anoxomat model WS-8080 (MARTMicrobiology) and three cycles of evacuation and filling with a mixtureof 10% H₂, 5% CO₂, and 85% N₂. An anaerobic indicator strip was placedinside the chamber to visually confirm the removal of oxygen. The plateswere incubated at 37° C. for 10 days and then transferred to an ambientgaseous condition (5% CO₂-enriched air) incubator for a 28-h “recovery.”On day 11 (after the 28-h aerobic recovery), 100 μL culture wastransferred to white 96-well microtiter plates for determination ofluminescence. A 10% solution of n-decanal aldehyde (Sigma) in ethanolwas freshly diluted 10-fold in PBS, and 100 μl was added to each wellwith an autoinjector. Luminescence was measured in a Victor2 multilabelreader (Perkin-Elmer Life Sciences) by using a reading time of 1 s. TheMIC was defined as the lowest drug concentration effecting growthinhibition of 90% relative to the growth for the drug-free controls.

Biochemical testing results for exemplary compounds of the invention areprovided in FIG. 1.

Example 6 Tuberculosis In Vivo Efficacy Experiments

The TB in vivo efficacy experiments were essentially performed asdescribed in Lenaerts et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47: 783-785(2003) with a few modifications. A highly susceptible gamma interferonspecific pathogen-free C57BL/6-Ifngtm1ts (GKO) mice (JacksonLaboratories, Bar Harbor, Me.) were exposed to a low-dose aerosolinfection with M. tuberculosis strain Erdman in a Glas-Col inhalationexposure system as previously described in Kelly et al. AntimicrobAgents Chemother 40: 2809-2812 (1996). Every treatment group consistedof five mice for every following time point. Treatment was started 10days after infection. One control group of infected mice was sacrificedat the start of treatment. A second group of infected but untreated micewas sacrificed after the cessation of treatment at 24 days. C and L wereformulated in saline and E was formulated in 50% water/35% PEG400/5% PG,while rifampicin was formulated in 20% cyclodextrin. All compounds wereadministered by oral gavage. Rifampicin was dosed at 10 mg/kg QD PO. Cwas dosed at 100 mg/kg BID PO. E was dosed at 100 mg/kg BID PO. L wasdosed at 100 mg/kg QD PO. After completion of therapy, the mice weresacrificed by carbon dioxide inhalation. Lungs were aseptically removedand disrupted in a tissue homogenizer. The number of viable organismswas determined by serial dilution of the homogenates on nutrientMiddlebrook 7H11 agar plates (GIBCO BRL, Gaithersburg, Md.). The plateswere incubated at 37° C. in ambient air for 4 weeks prior to thecounting of viable M. tuberculosis colonies (CFU).

On day 3, the control group had a mean log 10 CFU/lung of 2.83 (0.40).On day 10, the control group had a log 10 CFU/lung of 4.81 (0.08). Onday 24, the control group had a log 10 CFU/lung of 8.96 (0.14). On day24, the group treated with rifampicin had a log 10 CFU/lung of 6.16(0.10). On day 24, the group treated with C had a log 10 CFU/lung of5.06 (0.26). On day 24, the group treated with E had a log 10 CFU/lungof 2.73 (0.05). On day 24, the group treated with L had a log 10CFU/lung of 3.08 (0.06).

Example 7 Tuberculosis In Vivo Efficacy Experiments

The TB in vivo efficacy experiments were essentially performed asdescribed in Lenaerts et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47: 783-785(2003) with a few modifications. A highly susceptible gamma interferonspecific pathogen-free C57BL/6-Ifngtm1ts (GKO) mice (JacksonLaboratories, Bar Harbor, Me.) were exposed to a low-dose aerosolinfection with M. tuberculosis strain Erdman in a Glas-Col inhalationexposure system as previously described in Kelly et al. AntimicrobAgents Chemother 40: 2809-2812 (1996). Every treatment group consistedof five mice for every following time point. Treatment was started 13days after infection. One control group of infected mice was sacrificedat the start of treatment. A second group of infected but untreated micewas sacrificed after the cessation of treatment at 22 days. N wasformulated in saline and E was formulated in 50% water/35% PEG400/5% PG,while Isoniazid (INH) was formulated in distilled water. All compoundswere administered by oral gavage. INH was dosed at 25 mg/kg QD PO. E wasdosed at 100 mg/kg QD PO. N was dosed at 100 mg/kg BID PO. Aftercompletion of therapy, the mice were sacrificed by carbon dioxideinhalation. Spleens and lungs were aseptically removed and disrupted ina tissue homogenizer. The number of viable organisms was determined byserial dilution of the homogenates on nutrient Middlebrook 7H11 agarplates (GIBCO BRL, Gaithersburg, Md.). The plates were incubated at 37°C. in ambient air for 4 weeks prior to the counting of viable M.tuberculosis colonies (CFU).

On day 13, the control group had a mean log 10 CFU of 7.02 (0.08) forlungs and mean log 10 CFU for spleens of 3.99 (0.21). On day 22, thecontrol group had a log 10 CFU for lungs of 7.82 (0.11) and spleens of6.69 (0.08). On day 22, the group treated with INH had a log 10 CFU forlungs of 5.29 (0.13) and for spleens of 4.27 (0.25). On day 22, thegroup treated with E had a log 10 CFU for lungs of 5.27 (0.12) and forspleens of 4.27 (0.25). On day 22, the group treated with N had a log 10CFU for lungs of 5.51 (0.09) and spleens of 2.42 (0.48).

It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein arefor illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changesin light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and areto be included within the spirit and purview of this application andscope of the appended claims. All publications, patents, and patentapplications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentirety for all purposes.

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound having a structure which is:

wherein R³ is substituted or unsubstituted nitroalkyl or substituted orunsubstituted aminoalkyl; R⁴ is selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, unsubstituted alkoxy, and unsubstituted phenyl; Y is O or S;and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of substituted orunsubstituted alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl; or asalt, hydrate or solvate thereof.
 2. The compound of claim 1, having astructure which is:

wherein C* is a carbon atom stereocenter which has a configuration whichis (R) or (S).
 3. The compound of claim 1, having a structure which is

wherein the C* is a carbon atom stereocenter which has a configurationwhich is (R) or (S).
 4. The compound of claim 2, wherein the C*stereocenter is in a (S) configuration.
 5. The compound of claim 1,wherein R³ is —CH₂NH₂.
 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein R⁴ isselected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, andiodine.
 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein Y is O.
 8. The compound ofclaim 1, wherein R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of methyl,ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, and sec-butyl. 9.The compound of claim 1, wherein R³ is —CH₂NH₂; and R⁴ is halogen. 10.The compound of claim 1, wherein R³ is —CH₂NH₂; R⁴ is chlorine; Y is O;and R⁵ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.
 11. A compositioncomprising: a) a first stereoisomer of the compound of claim 2; b) atleast one additional stereoisomer of the first stereoisomer; wherein thefirst stereoisomer is present in an enantiomeric excess of at least 80%relative to said at least one additional stereoisomer.
 12. A combinationcomprising the compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, together with at least one other therapeutically activeagent.
 13. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising: a) the compound ofclaim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and b) apharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 14. The compound of claim 1,wherein R⁴ is chlorine or bromine.
 15. The compound of claim 1, whereinR⁴ is chlorine.
 16. The compound of claim 1, wherein R⁴ is selected fromthe group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy,isobutoxy, and sec-butoxy.
 17. The compound of claim 1, wherein R⁴ ismethoxy or ethoxy.
 18. The compound of claim 4, wherein Y is O.
 19. Thecompound of claim 1, wherein R⁵ is unsubstituted alkyl.
 20. The compoundof claim 2, wherein R⁴ is halogen, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ ismethyl; or R⁴ is halogen, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is ethyl; or R⁴is halogen, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is propyl; or R⁴ is halogen,R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is isopropyl; or R⁴ is halogen, R³ is—CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is unsubstituted C₄ alkyl; or R⁴ is halogen, R³is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is unsubstituted C₅ alkyl; or R⁴ is halogen,R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is unsubstituted C₆ alkyl.
 21. Thecompound of claim 2, wherein R⁴ is halogen, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; andR⁵ is methyl; or R⁴ is halogen, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is ethyl;or R⁴ is halogen, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is propyl.
 22. Thecompound of claim 2, wherein R⁴ is halogen, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; andR⁵ is ethyl.
 23. The compound of claim 2, wherein R⁴ is fluorine, R³ is—CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is methyl; or R⁴ is chlorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Yis O; and R⁵ is methyl; or R⁴ is bromine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵is methyl; or R⁴ is fluorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is ethyl; orR⁴ is chlorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is ethyl; or R⁴ isbromine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is ethyl; or R⁴ is fluorine, R³is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is propyl; R⁴ is chlorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Yis O; and R⁵ is propyl; R⁴ is bromine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ ispropyl; R⁴ is fluorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is isopropyl; R⁴is chlorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is isopropyl; or R⁴ isbromine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is isopropyl; or R⁴ is fluorine,R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is unsubstituted C₄ alkyl; or R⁴ ischlorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is unsubstituted C₄ alkyl; or R⁴is bromine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is unsubstituted C₄ alkyl; R⁴is fluorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is unsubstituted C₅ alkyl; orR⁴ is chlorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is unsubstituted C₅ alkyl;or R⁴ is bromine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is unsubstituted C₅alkyl; or R⁴ is fluorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is unsubstitutedC₆ alkyl; or R⁴ is chlorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ isunsubstituted C₆ alkyl; or R⁴ is bromine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵is unsubstituted C₆ alkyl.
 24. The compound of claim 2, wherein R⁴ isfluorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is ethyl; or R⁴ is chlorine, R³is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is ethyl; or R⁴ is bromine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Yis O; and R⁵ is ethyl.
 25. The compound of claim 2, wherein R⁴ ischlorine, R³ is —CH₂NH₂; Y is O; and R⁵ is ethyl.